Pubescent wheatgrass (Agropyron trichophorum (Link) Richt.) is growing in semiarid regions of Iran at altitude of 500 to 2000 m. Among different grasses growing in Iran, A. trichophorum is relatively resistant to grazing and defoliation as compared to other species of Agropyron genus which are dominant in the most summer rangelands. In Emam Gholi protected summer rangelands, Ghochan, Khorasan province, Iran, A. trichophorum as a dominant grass was selected for our study, and was subjected to a series of defoliation treatments. Forty eight quadrates of 0.5 m2 were established in two macro-plots and subjected to one, two, three, and four weekly interval clipping started in May 6, 2016 in vegetative stage and other treatments of once clipping started in May 6, May 19, June 3, and a control treatment was clipped only once in July 15. Floral stalks of A. trichophorum were counted before clipping. Then, quadrates were clipped to the ground surface, air dried and weighed for different treatments. Using ANOVA, the responses to frequent clipping showed that there were no significant differences in daily, current, primary, and total production of A. trichophorum (p>0.05) which may be due to the reservation of carbohydrate in roots and base of this grass after 15 years of protection. Low slope of sigmoid curve for weight of clipped plants also confirmed the resistibility of this species to defoliation, but as the frequency of clippings were increased, the number of floral stalks was decreased showing an exponential model (p<0.0). To find the allowable use of A. trichophorum, further years of research will be required to evaluate the responses to defoliation in different locations.

What Human souls shall exist after the death? Do human souls lose their individual determinations and change into one universal soul or shall they keep their individual determinations in plurality? These are the questions considered by Al-Farabi, Avicenna and Mulla sadra. This article deals with the views of these metaphysicians on the question. Having explained their ideas, the author comes to this conclusion that Al-Farabi believed that some human souls would be mortal, but the other two metaphysicians thaught all human souls as immortal. Having considered three arguments given by Avicenna to prove the immortality of all human souls, and critised Mulla Sadra's objections, it becomes clear that Sadra's objections fail to be raised.On the question of unification of particular souls to form one univeral soul after the death, it becomes evident that unlike some scholars, Al-Farabi did not believe in a universal soul making all particular souls lose their individual determinations.Having surveyed Sadra's ideas on intelligence in the question of unification of human souls with the active intellect, we concluded that Sadra would not believe in a universal soul.

Grazing is an effective factor on many aspects of plant species and communities. This anthropogenic factor, which became a destructive operant in Iran due to mismatch to range capacity, can affect the individuals of a plant species and thus, alter its spatial distribution. In the current study, the effect of short term exclosure on geographical distribution of two cool season grasses (Bromus tomentellus and Agropyron trichophorum) investigated using historical presence data. To do so, SRE modeling method (which is a presence-only model) was used to generate distribution maps before and after applying the exclosure. Presence coordinates of each species determined from 98 permanent exclosures. The number of B. tomentellus presence spots were 31 and 37 points before and after applying exclosures; respectively. The number of A. trichophorum presence spots were 16 and 25 points before and after applying exclosures; respectively. 19 bioclimatic variables used as environmental variables. The results indicated that the area of suitable climatic habitat of B. tomentellus before applying the exclosure (125868 ha) was considerably more than A. trichophorum (32515 ha). Nonetheless, applying the exclosure caused a 58% increase in suitable habitat of A. trichophorum versus 9% increase for B. tomentellus; which suggest that the grazing had a higher relative influence on A. trichophorum and removing the grazing pressure capacitated this species to retrieve its habitats. It should be emphasized that B. tomentellus should be considered as a more tolerant species to climatic conditions due to its prevalent distribution.

Plant-mycorrhiza symbiosis increases ecosystem biodiversity and stability. However it may be affected by the environmental disturbances. Effects of wildfire burning were assessed the colonization rate of VA mycorrhizal fungi with four perennial grasses Festuca ovina , Poa bulbosa , Stipa barbata and Agropyron trichophorum, in Dasharasi rangelands, Quchan, Iran. In spring 2013, 10 random samples were taken from root and soil media of each species. Results in control site, indicated highest and lowest colonization rates for A. trichophorum and P. bulbosa, being 69.11% and 43.6% respectively. Wildfire burning significantly (30%) reduced colonization of S. barbata, and total spores of symbiotic fungus with F. ovina , S. barbata and A. trichophorum , but it significantly increased (22%) spores of symbiotic fungus with P. bulbosa. In conclusion, wildlife burning at summer may reduce ecosystem stability against the environmental disturbances, via decreasing the mycorrhiza symbiosis with bunch grasses but increasing the symbiosis with ephemeral opportunistic grasses.

Preference evaluation of four species of perennial forage grasses including Alopecurus textilis L., Festuca ovina L. and F. sulcata L. and Agropyron trichophorum. In order to use for improvement and restoration of rangelands, seeds of species were collected from of Ardebil province. After seed germination test and preparing of seed bed. This eyperiment was done based on Randomized completely block design with 3 replicates in dryland conditions from 2010 -2014 in Ardabil station. After plants establishment and end of growing, crown cover Total height, seedling vigority, forage and seed production. Analysis variance of data was done using SAS software and the mean comparison with Duncan method at 5% level. The results showed that, the species in term of studied traits, had significant difference exept survival, The highest height, crown cover and forage production. Be longes to Agropyron trichophorum, The highest seedling vigority belodes to Agropyron trichophorum and Festuca sulcata finally, Therefore these con be used in improvement and developmend procces of pasture in arid and semi arid region.

Cerebral palsy is one of the most common chronic motion disability in children that can have a negative impact on the general health of mothers. This study is aimed to determine the effect of education "Self-Management 5-A's Program" on the general health of mothers of children with cerebral palsy.
This quasi-experimental study was conducted between 2015 and 2016. In total, 47 mothers of children between age of 4 and 12 years with cerebral palsy in Kurdistan province were selected using census-sampling method. After intervention stage the final sample was reduced to 23 mothers in intervention group and 16 in the control group. Data was collected by the demographic questionnaire of mothers and children and the “Short Form 36 Health Survey” (with confirmed validity and reliability). Questionnaires were completed by mothers before and after learning the "Self-Management 5-A's program". Data were analyzed using SPSS/22.
The mean of mothers’ age in this study was 33.5 and the average age of children was 6.2 years. At the pre-intervention stage the mean of general health of mothers in intervention group was 27.60 and the control group was 26.25. No significant differences were identified between two groups (P = 0.804). However, after intervention the mean of general health of mothers did not change in control group. This value in intervention group was 38.26 which was significant (P=0.009).
The general health of mothers of children with cerebral palsy is weak. While, educating mothers with the "Self-Management 5-A's program" can facilitate and enhance their health, it is suggested to consider and align education programs based on the mother’s needs.

Islamic prayer mats, on which Muslims perform salah, are traditionally woven on simple vertical frames (dar) or more sophisticated handlooms (dastgah), with an iconic mihrab design that is either woven into them or added later by embroidery or printing. This study analyzes prayer mats from Qajar Iran and classifies them based on weaving and decoration techniques. For this purpose, it looks at those in the Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A), all of which are produced on looms (as opposed to dar-woven textiles such as rugs). The research question is: How can we categorize the V&A’s Qajar - era prayer mats according to their decoration technique? Conducted as historical and descriptive-analytical research, the study analyzed 13 randomly-selected Qajar -era prayer mats from the V&A’s collection. It found that the decoration on most of the mats was added after weaving — using techniques such as drawn thread work (Sokme Douzi), silk embroidery, cotton embroidery and woodblock printing (Qalamkar) — with only a few mats having designs woven into them. Technical limitations of looms for weaving the symmetrical mihrab design may have contributed to the greater popularity of embroidery and printing, which offer more technical freedom to producers. Although popular across Iran, the decoration techniques used for the studied mats are often considered originally Isfahan handicrafts. Among the V&A’s prayer mats, most are decorated using drawn thread work and cotton embroidery, while cotton embroidery and block printing are the favored techniques for the larger mats, drawn thread work is more common in small sizes. All of prayer mats are entirely made of linen, silk or cotton, may have a chintz lining (if existing), with most of them featuring hems made of a type of patterned fabric, known as moharramat. Regarding the motifs used, geometricm, vegetal designs and Islamic inscriptioncomprise the majority; human figures and objects are also present, but to a lesser extent.

Determination of forage quality is one of the fundamental factors for suitable management. There are spatial and temporal variations in quality of rangeland species. In this study، forage quality of five important grasses of Bromus tomentellus، Poa angustifolia، Festuca ovina، Agropyron intermedium and Agropyron trichophorum were measured at three phenological stages (vegetative growth، full flowering and seed ripening) in summer rangelands of Golestan province. For this purpose، five replications were randomly selected from each phenological stage. Quality factors of crude protein، ADF، crude fiber، dry matter digestibility and metabolizable energy were measured using in vitro procedures. The results obtained from chemical analysis were analyzed in a factorial experiment at randomized complete block design with SAS software. Results showed that forage quality differed significantly for differentspecies as well as at different phenological stages (p<0. 05). Among studied species، the highest forage quality was related to Bromus tomentellus while the lowest was related to Agropyron trichophorum. The highest and the lowest forage quality were recorded for vegetative growth and seed ripening stages، respectively.

Sentence determine the stability mechanisms to stress in Agropyron trichophorum at test with four different levels of osmotic potentials resulted from PEG 6000 including 0، -3، - and -9 executed in factorial and accidental manner with four interactions in hydroponic environment. Three genotypes of Agropyron trichophorum pasture types were used Arak (3755)، Semirom (3. 13)، and Faridan (4007) and four drought care (-3، -6 and -9 times distilled water). In this essay the sprouting percentage root length، shoot length، seedling length، root to shoot rate، seedling dry weight، seedling fresh weight، dry to fresh weight rate sprouting rate and seed health index were determined. The results showed that with increasing the drought stress، the root to shoot rate، seedling dry weight and dry to fresh weight rate factors increased and other attributes were reduced significantly. The best levels to assess the stability to drought were the -6 and -9 load potentials in all drought levels. In general، in tested genotypes، Arak (3755) genotype showed a better sprouting in under study potentials and had a meaningful preference to other genotypes. From assessed parameters، seedling length and seed index standard showed the most possible reaction to changing potential of water.

Salinity stress is considered as one of the major factors that reduce plant growth in many regions in the world. Agropyron pectiniforme and Agropyron trichophorum species are perennial grasses species that product valuable forage and grazing material in pasture and rangelands of Iran. The aim of this study was determining effect of salinity stress with NaCl on seed germination traits of Ag. pectiniforme and Ag. trichophorum species. The experimental design was a two factorial (species treatments and salinity levels or salt stress 0, 50, 150, 250 mM NaCl) arranged in a completely randomized design with three replicates and 50 seeds per replicate. The data were statistically analysed by the MSTAT-C, computer program. The difference between the means was compared using Duncan test (P