Iran in Qajar period at the beginning of 19th century was an underdeveloped wretched country, inflicted with many problems such as Russo-Persian Wars. The structure of Iranian military forces was totally old that had been remained of Nader Shah era. Iranian defeat in Russo-Persian wars was the first and foremost factor that directed Abbas Mirza and Mirza Abolghasem Ghaem Magham Farahani to the decadence and wretchedness of Iran and led them to undertake western-style reforms in order to modernize the army. The base of these reforms was the modernization of troops and founding a unified, well-ordered army by the help of European military advisors. The paper aims to, first, answers what led Abbas Mirza to reform in armed forces and, then, study the consequences and results of that reform. Findings show military structure, domestic and international situation and the necessity of founding a modern army in order to fight against the foreign invasions were of Abbas Mirza motivations in pursuing a modernistic approach. Analyzing his failures, it also presents the main hindrances Abbas Mirza faced to.

By choosing Abbas Mirza as Crown Prince, Fath Ali Shah aroused the rivalry and opposition of other princes, especially Mohammad Ali Mirza. By enforcing the policy of appointing his sons to the government of the states and provinces, while establishing order and security throughout the forbidden countries of Iran, he intensified the competitive atmosphere between the princes of the Qajar ruler. Meanwhile, Mohammad Ali Mirza in 1221 AH. AH / 1806 AD was appointed to the government of Kermanshah and western regions of Iran. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and using library resources and seeks to answer the question that what security-disciplinary measures did Mohammad Ali Mirza take in western Iran? The findings show that Mohammad Ali Mirza stabilized his position with several security-disciplinary measures and competed with Abbas Mirza. With military reforms in the army, stabilization of Iran's borders against the Ottomans, control of tribes and nomads and the use of their military power to suppress the opposition and establish security in the region under his control, he became one of the most powerful princes and rivals. Jedi turned Abbas Mirza into a monarch.

The art of Printing and its related techniques have been of primary significance to Iranians since centuries ago. Although the art of printing has experienced many ups and downs during different eras in the history of Iran it seems that Safavi's were more concerned about it. However, this situation was not stable during Afsharieh and Zandieh. Qajar was but an important era regarding the development of Printing in Iran. In the same line, Abbas Mirza and Qaem Maqam, the Minister of Culture to his government, had important roles in developing the art of Printing. It is worth noticing the role of the West especially the European in this respect. Therefore, Iranians should not forget that, although people like Abbas Mirza, Mirza Saleh Shirazi, Qaem Maqam farahani, Amir Kabir and Mirza Hassan Khan Etemadolsaltaneh made remarkable efforts to establish and develop new organizations as regarded printing, this would not be possible without the help of the Europe. In fact, it should be noted that the Europe had a leading role in cultural development of Iran.

With the beginning of Qajars’ reign in Iran, they developed a style of Governance practices in which the numerous Qajar princes were appointed as the governors of various regions of the country. Mohammad Ali Mirza Dowlatshah was one of those princes. Mohammad Ali Mirza along with his family took power in the western region of Iran.The presence of this family in power left political, social and cultural consequences. Those consequences, especially during Dowlatshah era, were influenced by his competition with Abbas Mirza for crown. In addition to its political outcomes, the rivalry of Dowlatshah with Abbas Mirza caused positive social consequences in the western region of country. Those consequences were evident in the progress and improvement of people’s life especially in Kermanshah.In this paper, with the historical research method and a descriptive analytical approach based on library sources and documents, the political and social consequences of the two princes’ competition have been studied.

An introductory evaluation of Iran’s history during Qājār period shows that the problem of succession was a field of Russian interference in political matters of Iran. The history of foreign interference in successional problems of Persian throne might be traced as long as Achaemenid and Arsacid periods. Nonetheless, for the first time in early Qājār period and through the Gulistān and Turkman Chāy treaties, a foreign power, namely Imperial Russia, interfered formally in successional problem of Qājār dynasty. According to the seventh chapter of Turkman Chāy treaty, the Tsar guaranteed the right of Abbās Mīrzā and his house for the Persian throne. It seems there were serious challenges which threatened Abbās Mīrzā’s elevation to kingship of Iran and these challenges played an effective role for Russian formal interference in the problem of succession. This paper aims to give an explanation of this problem through analyzing the range of causes which paved way for Russian interventional activities. According to its main hypothesis, a number of causes such as lack of a firm and clear succession law, its dependence on the King’s arbitrary will and, a destroying rivalry between Qājār princes and the Vicegerent prepared the favorite ground for Russian interference.

Concentrating on the Najafqolī Khān family in Azerbaijan in the Qājār period، this article studies the importance of the marriage - based relations between the Iranian local notables and the royal family. Najafqolī Khān “II” was in favour of ‘Abbās Mīrzā due to his devotional services during the Russo-Persian War، which made him a great promotion in the Qājār’s bureaucratic monarchy and provided his marriage to Mehrjahān، the daughter of ‘Abbās Mīrzā. The author has analyzed one of Mohammad Shāh’s personal correspondences to his sister، Mehrjahān، and pointed out that these correspondences، although seem personal and private، included administrative contents. Najafqolī Khān took advantage from the personal relation with monarch، and at the same time the monarch ordered him to resolve the problems of his local society. So the marriage relation between the royal family and the local notables was quite important to both of them and، in short، they utilized each other to achieve their own purposes.

The Etchmiadzin Cathedral, as the first and most important Armenian cathedral, played an important role in the religious, political and social developments of Armenia. The role of the Etchmiadzin Cathedral is significant, especially in the Iran-Russia wars and the separation of Yerevan from Iranian rule. Abbas Mirza, the viceroy, sought to consolidate relations with the Russians in order to prevent Yerevan, and especially the Etchmiadzin Cathedral, from coming closer to the Russians, perhaps to prevent their centrifugal tendencies by attracting and entertaining its leaders and establishing close ties with them. This article intends to examine Abbas Mirza's relations with Armenians, especially the Etchmiadzin Cathedral, through documentary-analytical research of Persian, Armenian and Russian archival documents. It examines Iran's efforts in maintaining its ties with Armenia to continue its historical sovereignty over that land. This study also investigates the divergent activities of the Etchmiadzin leaders that led to Yerevan's separation from Iran and its annexation to Russia.

In this research, the effect of the mulch layer on the soil surface as an anti-evaporation layer was investigated in three soils with a different texture from three points of Tabriz green space including Abbas Mirza in the south, Einali in the north, and Khavaran in eastern Tabriz. The soils were placed in small lysimeters with a diameter and height of 30 cm (25 cm of soil and 3 cm of mulch). This field experiment was a completely randomized blocks design with five treatments included; control (no mulch layer) and four types of mulch cover including fine sand, manure, wood chips, and petrochemical waste, and three replications conducted over 20 days. The analysis of variance in all soil samples showed a significant effect (p<0.01) of the surface mulch layer on the amount of surface evaporation from lysimeters. The results also showed in sandy loam soils of Abbas Mirza and Khavaran regions, sand mulch treatment with 69.2% and 66.9%, respectively, and in clay loam soils of Einali region, wood chips treatment with 70% reduced evaporation. Petrochemical waste treatment showed the least effect in reducing the amount of evaporation in all three types of soil tested.

In the Caucasian wars during the reign of Fath Ali Shah, the difficult field and diplomatic conditions of Iran against Russia led to the idea of the closeness of two regional rivals, that is, Iran and Ottomans, against Russians. France initially proposed this plan in the form of a diplomatic structure, but its turning toward Russia foiled the plan. Abbas Mirza tried to advance this plan with the Ottomans under the slogan "Islamic Alliance" and pursued this policy until the signing of the Golestan Agreement, making numerous efforts to fulfill this alliance. With a descriptive-analytical approach and using Turkish sources, the present study answered the question of the obstacles encountered by the Iranian-Ottoman plan of alliance. The results showed that the deep-rooted problems between Iran and the Ottoman Empire did not allow the two powers to build mutual trust in order to create a common front against Russia. The Turks were also very suspicious of Abbas Mirza and his plan and viewed the idea of a military union against Russia more as a superficial move to impress Russians and gain the upper hand in future peace negotiations. This lack of trust eventually led to the failure of a field alliance.

From the later part of Safawid government on, the Russians would think of annexing the Caucasia to their realm, and their wish was somehow realized through the Golestan treaty. The Russians’ attempt to extend their frontiers to Aras River, the effort of a group of courtiers around Abbas Mirza for retaking the lost regions, and the fruitless negotiations prepared the ground for the second period of Iran-Russia wars. To deactivate the group objecting to the war, the proponents of Abbas Mirza tried to give a religious tint to their actions through the clergy. The Shiite clergy who regarded defending Islam and the Shiite king against the infidels as their duty came to the scene, proclaiming war against the Russians and actively taking part in the battlefields. At first, with the Russians’ being rushed and the dominance of Jihadi spirit, Iranians became victorious temporally. But gradually with the Russians’ marshaling, the outbreak of disagreement between the clergy and Abbas Mirza, and the commanders’ laxity in the battlefield, the Iranian army was defeated in different fronts. With the advance of Russian forces to Tabriz, some of the city’s elites headed by Mir Fatah, the prominent clergyman of the city, who were dissenting Qajar yielded the city to the Russians with no resistance. Using the analytical-historical method, the present article states the role of the clerics in starting the war with Russians, their presence in the battlefield, and their function in yielding Tabriz as well as the related consequences.