The effect of stationary liquid media to improve shoots elongation in date palm cv. Najda and an in vitro pre-acclimatization stage to increase the survival ercentage of plantlets in the greenhouse was investigated. Two basal liquid media were tested: full strength and half strength Murashige and Skoog medium (MS). Media were devoid of plant growth regulators (PGRs), containing 0.5 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) or 0.5 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 0.5 mg/L BAP. After three months of culture, all liquid media were efficient and allowed to overcome slow growth problem. The maximum shoot elongation was 11.3 cm, obtained in MS supplemented with 0.5 mg/L BAP and 0.5 mg/L IBA. The shoots were isolated and transferred either to the greenhouse or to one month in vitro pre-acclimatization stage in a PGRs-free solid medium (MS or MS/2) then to the greenhouse. A higher surviving rate (ranging from 70 to 86 %) was obtained after one month pre-acclimatization compared with the direct transfer to the greenhouse (12–28 %).

Khorasanicum currant (Ribes khorasanicum) is one of the endemic species of monogenus Grossulariaceae family which its natural regeneration has been encountered with severe reduction due to livestock grazing, low seeds regeneration potential. It is mainly regenerated by vegetative method via rhizome. Since, the successfulness of regeneration using seed culture and cutting method was not acceptable. So, one of the recommended possible method for conservation of endangered species is multiplying and preservation them using in vitro tissue cultures techniques. But, one of the most probable problems of micropropagated plantlets is the acclimatization to in vivo conditions and high mortality of tissue cultured plantlet during this process. Thus, this research was conducted to find out the most suitable acclimatization medium for this valuable medicinal endemic species. For this purpose the effect of different substrate compounds including peat moss, cocopeat, perlit and soil was evaluated on survival, height and root characteristics during acclimatization process. Results showed that, significant differences were observed in plantlets height, survival percentage, vigourity and leaf numbers between different substrates. But different substrates, has no significant effects on plantlets crown area. Results of analysis of variance on rooting characteristics showed that, significant differences were observed in root numbers, root length and plantlet root length. Totally, according to plantlets characteristics such as: survival percentage, vigourity, plantlet height, leaf numbers and plantlets root length, can be concluded that the best substrate for acclimatization of this species was peat moss substrates.

This study was conducted with the main prupose of investigation the effects of culture medium and the concentration of growth regulators on proliferation rate, rooting and the acclimatization of Gisela 6 rootstock at Khorasan Razavi Agriculture and Natural Resource Research Center during 2011-2012. In this experiment, the proliferation and rooting were performed in six kinds of culture medium (DKW, WPM and MS in two solid and liquid media) that supplemented with plant growth regulators included TDZ and BAP in 0, 1, 2 mg/l plus 0.01 mg/l IBA in all treatments of the proliferation and IBA with 0, 1, 2, 3 mg/l in rooting step. The results showed that the most number and length of shoot were 6.48 shoot and 3.14 cm, respectively in solid WPM medium and 2 mg/l BAP concentration and liquid MS medium with 1 mg/l concentration of TDZ. The liquid MS medium in 2 mg/l of IBA caused the highest percentage of rooting and root length, 93.90% in 11.76 cm, respectively. Although applying of the liquid media was resulted in better acclimatization of plantlets, but the highest percent of plantlets survival was obtained in WPM liquid medium with 2 mg/l concentration of IBA at about 91.80%.

Pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) is an important ornamental-medicinal plant in Iran, that is widely used alone or in combination with other medicinal to produce low-risk drugs for human. In order to mass-production of this plant by tissue culture, four separate factorial experiments were conducted using completely randomized design with three replications (10 samples) at four stages of callus induction, indirect organogenesis, rooting, and acclimatization The results showed that the highest callus weight was observed in the interaction of leaf explant and medium supplemented with 2,4-D (2.0 mg/l). The tallest and highest branching number was related to the callus obtained from leaf explant in medium containing thidiazuron (1.0 mg/l TDZ) and putrescine (100 mg/l PUT), in indirect organogenesis. Tissue culture cuttings had the best rooting in 2.0 mg/l NAA medium. The obtained seedlings planted in pots containing perlite showed better acclimatization. By optimizing callus production from Calendula officinalis explants and propagation by tissue culture method can be an important step towards producing plants with the same quality and free of pathogens.

To improve rooting of micro cutting produced in shoot proliferation stage of an Iranian native olive cultivar, Zard, with the aim of developing a commercial micro-propagation protocol, by using Agrobacterium rhizogenes and Trichoderma harzianum this research was carried out. Effect of A. rhizogenes was evaluated on rooting percentage, amount of callus formation at the base of micro cutting and plantlet growth quality index, 2 and 4 weeks after culture. Results showed that inoculation of micro shoots with bacterium in association with 1.0 mg/I IBA in the culture medium had significant effect on rooting percentage and reducing the amount of callus formation. The highest rooting (70%) was obtained in inoculated treatment 4 weeks after culture while only 30% rooting was observed in control treatment. Regarding callus formation, the lowest amount (46.6%) was produced in bacterial inoculated as compared to 100% in the control treatment. Root induction at the base of micro-shoots without or with less callus formation is an advantage during transferring to in vivo conditions and acclimatization. It was revealed that inoculation with A. rhizogenes greatly increased rooting, reduced callus formation considerably as compared to control. In acclimatization stage, infected roots of plantlet with T. harzianum showed increases in number of roots produced on each plant (11.8) and root length (215.3 mm) as compared with control (2.7 and 60 mm respectively). Therefore, due to the stimulating effects, this fungus can be used for root initiation and development at the early stages of growth and acclimatization of olive micro-propagated plantlets.

Mycorrhizas providea symbiotic associations in which the fungus obtains carbon from the plant، while providing the plant with a supply of phosphorus. On the other hand، periwinkle plants (Catharanthus roseus L.) have been investigated due to production of two medicinal alkaloids namely vinblastine and vincristine. In this evaluation، tryptophan was used as precursor of these alkaloids under tissue culture conditions. Inoculation by mycorrhiza induced the growth and survival of several species during acclimatization، which was the most important challenge of tissue culture. For this reason، the regeneration plantlets obtained under different concentrations of tryptophan، were exposed to acclimatization to mycorrhizal colonization and their shoot growth and biochemical factors were evaluated. Results from measurement of length، fresh and dry weights، soluble sugars and total protein content and also، chlorophyll a and b of shoots، indicated the positive role of these two treatments on growth of periwinkle plantlets under acclimatization. The highest amount of height and fresh and dry weight in shoots were obtained in colonized samples with Glomus versiforme and under 0، 150 and 250 mg/l tryptophan treatments، respectively. Also، the highest content of total protein and soluble sugars content was observed in G. versiforme colonized plants under 350 mg/l tryptophan treatment. Finally، evaluation of the chlorophyll a and b contents showed that the highest amount of these factors obtained in the colonized samples with G. versiforme and G. etunicatum، respectively، under 250 mg/l tryptophan treatment.

Large-scale mortality of in vitro raisedplantlets occurred during acclimatization، i. e. glasshouse hardening، and later at field transfer still has remained as a significant bottleneck in micropropagation. The usefulness potential of some arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to minimize mortality rate of three commercial grape rootstock genotypes during glasshouse acclimatization was studied. Inoculation was carried out using soil based inocula added below the root system per each plantlet. Of the three different AMF strains used، Glomus manihotis showed the highest survival rate (80. 15%) in the inoculated plants during hardening. All the inoculated plantlets exhibited morphological alterations such as higher vine length، leaf area and root length over the control. Beneficial effect of AMF inoculation on shoot growth resulted about 1. 6 times taller vines compared to the non-inoculated control plantlets. The biochemical analyses revealed that the amount of total chlorophylls in leaves and phenols in vines were increased significantly in the mycorrhizal plants. Though total phenolic compounds were significantly increased in the treated plants following inoculation، but inoculated plants with G. monosporum and G. manihotis showed higher phenols in their foliage. The present investigation revealed the integration of AMF association in tissue culture as a helpful strategy to minimize weaning stress and mortality rate of microplants during ex vitro acclimatization and may be utilized in commercial laboratories after verification of these results by the complementary experiments.

This study was conducted aimed to consider the effects of culture medium and the concentration of growth regulators on proliferation, rooting and the acclimatization of Myrobalan29C. This study was performed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications where each plot contained five explants. Given the role of trees rootstock of growth rate vegetative in the early maturity٫ yield and disease resistance will be suitable rootstock that has an important role in program garden management. In total rootstock of fruit trees have be propagation sexual and asexual methods, however٫ given that in sexual reproduction the resulting dispersion characteristics and the resulting seedlings changed by genetics, it is tried for decades to asexual propagation methods in specially tissue culture methods healthy rootstock for mass propagation and used the development of orchards. Seedling rootstock Myrobalan had been used in the past. The rootstock can be positive features cited the ease of access, to be cheap, good yields after maturity. In study, the effects of NAA and BAP on proliferation of Gisala5 rootstock showed the most shoot treated in mediacontaining 1mg/l BAP. Investigated Chinese plum in vitro micropropagation showed that 1/2 MS media had the highest percentage rooting, and acclimatization rooted plantlets to greenhouse conditions was using the system miss successfully. Due to the importance and essential to achieve an efficient protocol for the mass propagation of Myrobalan 29C in Iran, this study was conducted with the main purpose of evaluating the most suitable media culture and plant growth regulators in micropropagation of Myrobalan 29C.
Material and The explants were collected from shoots of Myrobalan 29C rootstock maintained in the experimental greenhouse of Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Centre (of Mashhad, Iran), on June 25, 2013. The explants were washed by water and dishwashing liquid to removed surface contamination. Then they were divided to some parts containing one bud and were sterilized with ethanol 70% 1 min and sodium hypochlorite 10% at 10 min. Proliferation was performed in two kind of culture medium (MS and DKW) that supplemented with plant growth regulators BAP (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 mg l-1). The rootstocks of in this step, after subculture three (21 days between each subculture), the numbers, the length and quality of the shoots (explants strong growth, with no signs of vitrification, necrosis of leaf are yellowing terminal meristem), b– less than 15% have the symptoms of vitrification, necrosis of leaf are yellowing terminal meristem, and c– explant weak, 15-30% have the symptoms of vitrification, necrosis of leaf are yellowing Terminal meristem) were measured. This stage was carried with four replications and each replicates with five samples. Two culture media (MS and DKW) were used for rooting, which supplemented with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at four levels (0, 1, 2, 3 mg l-1). This stage was carried with four replications and each replicates with three samples. After being rooted explants, the best cultured media and combination of rooting growth regulators number and root length, leaf number and stem length and quality of explants were recorded. Acclimatization used in substrate including Coco Peat - Perlite 3:0/5 V, Coco Peat 100%V٫ Coco Peat - Perlite 0. 5:3V, Perlite100%V and Coco Peat - Perlite1:1V).
Results showed that the 10% sodium hypochlorite for 10 min, with 4% decay was the best treatment for sterilization. The results showed that the proliferation average was 6/16 in MS medium with 2 mgl-1 BAP and the most percent of rooting and root length were about 100% and 2/51 cm in MS medium with 2mgl-1 of IBA, respectively. The acclimatization of plantlets to greenhouse conditions was successful. The highest rate of plantlets survival (about 70%) was obtained from substrate Cocopit and Prlit (1; 1 V). In the present study, explants year compared annual explant least contamination had enjoyed. It seems that the young explants, smooth the surface of the skin, having the least amount of crack depend on the type of surface depressions explants and the crack and lower depressions the surface explants increase surface contact area disinfectants and also improve its impact. In this study found that the type of medium a significant impacted on the health of plants and so the proliferation of explants was successful. Usually root production in plants under the influence of synthesis, metabolism, and transport is auxin signaling pathways. Therefore acclimatization directly affected the rooting of plants that had high quality and the best rate of induction.
The results of this research showed that we can duplicate Myrobalan29c rootstock by in vitro method. According in this research, MS media including BAP and IBA plant growth regulators are the most suitable for micro propagation.

The paper presents a molecular genetic analysis of the expression of the ICE 1 gene Arum korolkowii Regel involved in the abiotic stress response in the Korolkov Aronnik in cold and frost conditions. The classical PCR method was used to identify the ICE 1 gene in Aronnik Korolkov and sequenced this site to determine the uniqueness of this gene. When stress is induced, increased expression of the studied gene is shown. It has been proved that the expression of this gene in Aronnik Korolkov begins already at the stage of acclimatization.

Extreme-altitudes (5500 m/18045 ft and higher) pose environmental, psychophysiological, infrastructural, logistic, and ergonomic challenges that question explorer’s adaptability and mission-efficiency due to isolation, monotony, intimidating environment and terse health conditions. The assessment of an explorer’s comprehensive adaptability in extreme-altitudes is of paramount importance in ensuring mission-preparedness. Knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of explorers staying on extreme-altitudes was assessed through personal interview technique. 125 healthy, acclimatized, mountain-trained explorers staying above 4570 m/15 000 ft in winter-season for at least 30 days on extreme-altitudes were assessed by a single cross-sectional study through personal interviews on KAP related to extreme-altitude and cold-adaptation. Mean duration of stay on extreme-altitude was 55.7 days. All explorers knew about difficulties and health-problems at extreme-altitude. All explorers felt that mountain-training and acclimatization were beneficial. 92% felt that mission tenure of 90 days on the extreme-altitude was adequate. 92.8% felt they were adequately trained for the extreme-altitude; however, only 52% felt confident about health-training. 66.4% did preventive rewarming of extremities. 66.4% regularly smoked/chewed tobacco. 57.6% had sleep problems and 64% had altered appetite. 26.4% felt difficulties related to living conditions, infrastructure, and logistics. Explorers at extreme-altitude exhibited adequate knowledge and performed activities with progressive attitude and healthy practices. Explorers endured altered psychophysiology at extreme-altitude and regarded the utility of training and acclimatization programs. Knowledge-practice gap existed towards tobacco consumption. There was a felt need for the improvement of living conditions, infrastructure, logistics, and health-related training.