The supply chain for perishable products, especially agricultural goods, has always been one of the most important and challenging management issues at different times. Because, at all stages of the agricultural production process, unsafe and unsanitary factors may endanger the health of agricultural products. In addition, one of the key problems of the agricultural supply chain is the high volume of products wasted throughout the whole supply chain. For example, in Iran, as a developing country, about 30% of all agricultural products are wasted annually. The high volume of agricultural waste is especially important concerning wheat products as a political and strategic product. The results of some studies show that a large amount of wheat waste in developing countries is due to the widespread use of traditional methods in the storage process. Therefore, the application of emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) can be an effective solution to this kind of problem. However, there are shortcomings in the IoT deployment in the supply chain, especially in the logistics sector, and researchers need to cover theoretical gaps in this area through modeling and optimization. Therefore, the present study intends to emphasize this important research issue for the first time in Iran using the Action Design Research approach. The most important findings of this research include the conceptual data model, the logical model of the database, and the physical data model for the IoT deployment in the storage section of the wheat supply chain, which has been designed and validated with the participation of industry and software engineering experts. The models designed in this research can be useful for the implementation of IoT technology in wheat storage centers and food factories. The findings of this study can provide a good guideline for officials and decision-makers to deploying IoT in the field of wheat storage.

Without an effective monitoring system, organizations cannot successfully accomplish their missions and properly allocate their resources. Millions of health insurance transactions are conducted every month. These transactions should be examined from both a "real" and "scientific" perspective. Investigating this volume of transactions, detecting errors and misconduct, and preventing misconduct requires intelligent monitoring. A model that enables intelligent monitoring for health insurance holistically and taking into account the main beneficiaries has not yet been presented. This research focuses on developing a model for smart monitoring in basic health insurance.

A detailed action design research (ADR) methodology consisting of two diagnostic and four design cycles within the Iranian Health Insurance Organization was applied in this research. This model proposes four separate ADR cycles for the diagnosis, design, implementation, and evolution of the artifact development solution, and in each cycle it goes through the activities of problem formulation, artifact creation, evaluation, reflection, and learning. The required control patterns for the organization's interaction in a business network were identified using agency theory. The concepts and problems of supervision in health insurance were categorized in the first cycle of diagnosis and conceptualization of the problem using systematic mapping. In the second cycle, 24 interviews were conducted using the snowball method to identify the current situation of the organization as well as the issues and problems. Finally, a system model that provides smart monitoring in health insurance was presented based on the components of smart monitoring.

The proposed model for smart surveillance in health insurance includes five levels. First, the data resource layer includes internal and external organizational systems that provide the data resources required for surveillance. Second, the data storage layer includes the data warehouse where data is extracted, transformed and loaded from various sources. Thirdly, the data presentation, analysis and knowledge capture layer provides monitoring reports, analysis tools and data mining techniques for knowledge extraction. Text mining methods extract knowledge from the texts available in the company's knowledge portal. The fourth layer, the knowledge storage layer, involves loading the extracted knowledge into the knowledge repository. Finally, the knowledge utilization and presentation layer provides a system for searching, displaying and using knowledge that is linked to the knowledge portal and the company's transaction systems.

This research provides a framework of process and outcome criteria for basic health insurance, control, and monitoring based on the organization theory and the monitoring process. By adding the knowledge warehouse and data warehouse, the current research model enables the coverage of all types of knowledge and includes various monitoring criteria. The advantage of the presented model is that by combining the concepts of data warehouse, knowledge extraction, knowledge warehouse and knowledge portal, it creates a framework for better decision making in all organizations. For health insurance companies in particular, the model presented provides a framework of outcome criteria and a process based on health insurance beneficiaries that can form the basis for the work of the monitoring department.

The connection between the philosophy of "education" and "design" is dependent on the influence of social norms, and the inherent existing connection between the elements of "truth seeking" and "action orientation", as well as the common theme of "Action in pursuit of desirable change" as long as the intended result is achieved. Taking these into consideration, the current study aims to analyze the commonalities of “Education Research” and “Design Research” subtypes, under the title of “Ethical Action Research”. Research in the aforementioned fields is the same as taking action in them. The current conceptual research is of a fundamental-theoretical type, which has used the descriptive-analytical method to analyze, interpret and combine the results and findings, after examining the fields of "Ethical Action Research", "Education Research" and "Design Research". The results indicate that producing knowledge in the previously mentioned research subtypes is done in the form of "Ethical Action Research" in the fields of science, philosophy and technology. "Theoretical reason", "Productive Action" and "Instrumental Action" are utilized to evaluate and find solutions for the dilemma. Inductive, analogical and abductive reasoning are the dominant logical solutions for the preeminent realization of the aforementioned action. “Ethical Action Research” could therefore be considered as the intersection between the two researches types of “Educational Action Research” and “Research Through Design”. It is advised that for future research, their interaction and synergy is taken into consideration due to the commonalities in their background.

Problem statement: 

The design process, one of the common topics among design research, design studies, design thinking, etc. has long been explained by experts using various models. Such divergence necessitates the analysis of opinions to reach a consensus.  

This study aims to present a totality of designers’ actions in the design process to find what designers do to convert the existing situation into a desirable one. Since this aspect of the process has been mainly introduced based on the activities or design stages in the previous models, the extant study also has adopted these components to recognize the totality of designers’ actions. 

This is a review study drawing upon logical reasoning and the comparison of different models of the design process. 

The results imply that the totality of designers’ actions can be explained in a model composed of subjective stages (within two conscious and unconscious levels) and objective stages (including planning, design, construction, documentation/handover), which convert the existing situation to desirable one based on two ranges of analytic (evaluation, comparison, analysis, test, etc.) and synthetic (genesis, conjecture, image, synthesis, expression, production, etc.) activities. In this model, the totality of designers’ actions, not only depends on the specifications of the components mentioned above but also on their relationships. In other words, the totality of designers’ actions in the design process is beyond the reduction done in the previous models that consisted of two components of activities and stages.

Action research is a self-collective type of research conducted by participants in social situations, in order to improve educational or social logic and justice in performance, as well as their understanding of these practices and situations in which these performances are done. Accordingly, all persons that the subject of the research is directly connected with their lives, should not be considered solely as a research topic, but should have active role in all stages of research and involve people as researcher in the study.
In this paper, first, the basics of paradigm, key features and most important traditions of the action research are studied, then while bring up the theory "communicative action and public sphere" of Jürgen Habermas, action research potential to create communicative action in public spheres are discussed.
Based on the results, action research is a communicative action that creates a public space among its participants. The process of action research is a mutual study in order to reach an intersubjective agreement, mutual understanding of a situation, non-coercive consensus about what should be done, and finally getting a sense that is rational and legitimate not only in the individual's idea but also in the mind of any rational person (universal claim). Moreover, action research is to create situations in which people can interact with each other and in more understandable ways, truer, and morally better ways achieve the current understanding and practice in the world.

The researchers in this study aimed to demonstrate how impossible it could be for a language teacher to take fixed, systematic routes of action in recent Action Research designs. This was instantiated in an L2 (here, English) 'essay writing' course among some Persian speaker university students majoring in Hygiene Sciences (Family and Environment). Evidences regarding individualistic progress of students in 1)selecting a topic for their writing assignments, and 2) initiating talk on their selected topics are discussed to verify how complex it was to undertake the "process" and "catalytic" trustworthiness check of the present study via fixed action plans.

The relationship between the free will and the philosophical rule of "causal determinism" is one of the issues that have been the subject of controversy among Islamic thinkers, theologians, and philosophers. Well-known Islamic scholars do not consider causal determinism in conflict with this rational and necessary law, but some theologians, including Al-Ghazâlî have considered it contrary to the free will. Therefore, the focus of this research is to study and research the works of the prominent thinker of the Islamic world and the great Ash'arite (/æʃəˈriː/; Arabic: اشعریه‎ al-ʾAšʿarīyah or ٱلاشاعره al-ʾAšāʿirah) theologian (Al-Ghazâlî) to study and evaluate his theological thought about the relation of the free will and causal determinism. In this article, after explaining the concepts of the free will, causal determinism and will, the basic motives for denying causality in Ghazali's intellectual system have been examined. In general, it turns out that Ash'arite thought has overshadowed all of Al-Ghazâlî's theories and has led to his various orientations in all matters, including the free will. According to Al-Ghazâlî, believing in the rule of causal necessity requires the limitation of divine power and the deprivation of human free will and the free agent and the compulsion of God in his actions. Therefore, in answer to the main question of the research, that is, from the point of view of Al-Ghazâlî, is it possible to combine the belief in the causal determinism and the free will the free agent or not? It can be said that in Al-Ghazâlî's thought, human free will cannot be combined with causal necessity or determinsm.

Interactive design means planning and designing the process of two-way communication between the user and the product. If this dual communication is designed appropriately and is fruitful in the process of use, it leads in a greater success for the design and the improvement of the user experience quality. Therefore, it improves the usability of the product (effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction). Based on this, it can be considered a successful strategy to study and examine the concepts and theories proposed in the field of interactive design and to try to apply them in the design process, in line with the aforementioned goal. The theories of affordance and feedforward have entered the field of interactive design since the 1980s and their application is developing; However, the method of examining, analyzing and applying them in the process of product design is a valuable topic in the field of design methodology, which has received less attention and as a result faces many challenges. Therefore, the research questions are as follows: “How can the concepts of affordance, feedforward and feedback be used in the design process? How can one develop ideas or evaluate the design of a product based on these theories? How can the design of a product be modified and optimized based on the analysis of affordance, feedforward and feedback? Achieving the answers to these questions and providing practical methods can be very valuable in the field of design methodology and be used by students and professionals in the field of industrial design. According to the mentioned materials, the most important goal of the current research is to provide a practical method in the design process, so that one can identify the design problems and needs based on the analysis and evaluation of a product's affordances, feedforwards and feedbacks, and also provide solution or design proposal to modify and optimize the product.In this research, by benefiting from practical concepts in the field of interactive design, a method called "affordance analysis method" has been provided so that it can be used to modify and optimize the design of products. The current research is practical in terms of purpose. The most important concepts and applied information in this research have been collected with library based method and a review of theoretical sources, and the research is descriptive-analytical in terms of implementation method.Before understanding the methodology of interactive components analysis, the audience should be familiar with the theoretical foundations and especially the concepts related to this field. Based on this, firstly, the practical concepts related to affordance, feedforward and feedback and their types are briefly introduced, and then the "Gaver's model" is presented in separating the representative information of the affordance from the possibilities of action, as well as the "Task Analysis Method", so that they can be used as theoretical basis and components of the suggested method.Correct and desirable affordances in products, are the possibilities of actions along with perceptible information which represent these possibilities, so make users understand these possibilities and achieve their goal in communication and interaction with the given product. The correct design of affordances makes the product guide the user during use.Feedforward is the information that is provided to the user before performing the action. In fact, it informs the user about what the purpose and result of his action, so that the user can choose and perform the appropriate action. Affordances provide information to users before performing an action, like feedforwards; But, contrary to feedforwards, affordances do not provide information about the purpose of performing an action, which is considered the main difference between affordances and feedforwards. Feedforwards in expressing the purpose and result of an action are complementary to the affordances and are usually designed and used in accordance with the affordances of the user interface.Feedback informs the user about the action that has been taken, and usually its purpose is to inform the user about the responsiveness of the system to the user's action, to indicate the progress of the work, or to confirm that the product has been directed by the user. Sometimes the failure to provide feedback or its inadequacy causes the user to not be informed about the product's capabilities or functional possibilities or not to achieve functional opportunities in a proper way. In the process of interacting with a product, it is sometimes necessary to provide feedback for each user action, and not providing appropriate feedback means there is a gap or problem in the interaction process with the product, and in other words, it causes problems in the interaction process and the progress of two-way communication between user and product.In this article, the method of analyzing the interactive components of the products is described in three steps with the title "Affordance Analysis Method". In order to ensure the correct transfer of concepts and ease of understanding of the method, a vacuum cleaner was selected as the product under review and the steps of this method are presented in the form of analytical tables by examining the mentioned product.In order to achieve proper interaction with a product and the desired quality of user experience, the interaction process must first be examined in detail in order to provide the possibility of examining the role and impact of interactive components in each stage of user interaction with the product. For this purpose, in the first step, the “Task Analysis Method” can be used and the interaction process with the product can be separated into three main stages (before usage, usage and after usage) with consideration of the details of each stage. Then, the more detailed steps can be defined and drew in the tree diagram and the needs and problems can be identified by examining the details and their connection with the context. The task steps and details are separated to the extent that they require different action possibilities and perceptible information.In designing products, it is expected to provide perceptible affordances. Therefore, in the second step, the most important interactive components (such as affordances, feedforwards and feedbacks) should be analyzed in each part of the user interaction process with the product. For this purpose, theoretical foundations and Gaver's model are used, and problems of the product are specified and introduced by asking about the possibilities of actions, the expected feedbacks and perceptible information representing them in the product.In the third step, it should be determined how the design can respond to the needs or problems raised; Therefore, according to the analysis carried out in the previous stage, the types of affordances, feedforwards and expected feedbacks are determined and solutions or design suggestions can be presented. Then, according to the design suggestions that are introduced in terms of interactive components, the design is carried out and re-evaluated and modified in response to the identified needs.When the three-dimensional and accurate design of the product meets the needs and problems raised in this evaluation and modification cycle, this stage is completed and the other stages of the design process comes forward. But when the design solutions are unsuccessful in response to the needs raised in this process, the designer checks which of the previous steps was not done correctly and by returning and correcting that step, they complete the process, so the user's interaction with the product reaches the desired result. Therefore, this repeatable process can be used to evaluate, optimize and even create detailed ideas in the design process of interactive products. It should be noted that in user-centered and participatory design approaches, the user can be present at various stages of the design process and play a decisive role in their correct execution. This method, which is the result of numerous studies in the field of interactive design, as well as the teaching and executive experience of the authors in this field, can play a valuable role in the design process with the goals of idea generation, evaluation, modification and optimization of the design and can be effectively used by students and designers.

This paper presents improving analyses and designs method of end plate bolted simple connections, which is an exact way for designing this type of connections with load and resistance factor design (LRFD) and allowed stress design (ASD) method. Besides, finite element models of end plate bolted simple connections in various geometry is made and compared with experimental results. Prying action effect in these models is regarded and failure models are used to computation stiffness. Also, deformation and distribution of surface press which result from prying action phenomena is used. With using the result from parametric analyses, an improved method is presented to computation prying action. Then, an improved method is proposed to design bolted simple connections in regard with prying action effect. Accuracy assessment of proposed method, will display efficiency and favor accuracy in designing bolted connections.