Growing usage of animals in the research projects has drawn more attention to their welfare and ethics surrounding this practice. Dissemination of information about the existing ethical consideration and alternatives in animal experiments has two important functions; first, it increases the researcher''s awareness of the possible methods of using animals in the experiment, and second, to ensure that potential users are aware of the established alternatives. For example, legislations enacted in many countries during the 1980s state that laboratory animal applications should be reduced, refined and replaced wherever possible according to principles of the 3Rs. Thus, scientists around the world tried to apply the 3Rs in their biomedical researches regarding welfare of the laboratory animals. However, the Qur’an, the holy book of Muslims, and also Hadiths contain the obligatory ways to keep and treat animals since their revelations. According to Islamic viewpoint, animals represent Allah''s ability and wisdom, and humans must pay attention to their health and living conditions. Several Islamic manuscripts state that animals have their own position in the creation hierarchy and humans are responsible for supplying minimal facilities and their welfare. This paper has tried to review ethical consideration in animal experiments and regarding Islamic resources in this case to encourage providing comprehensive ethical regulations in animal experiments which its establishment could be beneficial for animal ethics committees or research institutes.

Many of the scientific advances from human societies are the result of the use of animals across different taxa. A range of animals are used as ‘model’ species in many fields of science in order to generate new knowledge and to develop or confirm scientific theories. It is fundamentally important to consider the ethical principles of animal use, and to monitor the welfare of animals before, during and after experimental interventions. In this article, the three principles of Replacement, Reduction and Refinement for animal research are introduced. We also discuss practical and reliable existing guidelines for research experiments with an emphasis on compliance with best practice principles of animal ethics and welfare. Lastly, we discuss the importance of transparent, accurate reporting and cooperation between researchers and technicians when conducting animal experiments. The application of ethical principles and optimization of the living conditions of animals in captivity will enhance and improve the validity and reliability of scientific outcomes and progress.

This study is designed to present an agent-based model (ABM) to simulate the interactions between tumor cells and the immune system in the melanoma model. The Myeloid-derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs) and dendritic cells (DCs) are considered in this model as immunosuppressive and antigen-presenting agents respectively. The animal experiment was performed on 68 B16F10 melanoma tumor-bearing C57BL/6 female mice to collect dynamic data for ABM implementation and validation. Animals were divided into 4 groups; group 1 was control (no treatment) while groups 2 and 3 were treated with DC vaccine and low-dose 5- fluorouracil (5-FU) respectively and group 4 was treated with both DC Vaccine and low-dose of 5-FU. The tumor growth rate, number of MDSC, and presence of CD8+/CD107a+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment were evaluated in each group. Firstly, the tumor cells, the effector immune cells, DCs, and the MDSCs have been considered as the agents of the ABM model and their interaction methods have been extracted from the literature and implemented in the model. Then, the model parameters were estimated by the dynamic data collected from animal experiments.  To validate the ABM model, the simulation results were compared with the real data. The results show that the dynamics of the model agents can mimic the relations among considered immune system components to an emergent outcome compatible with real data. The simplicity of the proposed model can help to understand the results of the combinational therapy and make this model a useful tool for studying different scenarios and assessing the combinational results. Determining the role of each component helps to find critical times during tumor progression and change the tumor and immune system balance in favor of the immune system.

Recent scientific revolution, has led to significant changes in human societies. The new technologies that developed through animal laboratory testing are improving medicine. This evolution, is leading to the emergence of an ethical debate that has been a central issue in the laws: by which rule and why men, in order to alleviate their own suffering, cause animals to suffer? Regarding the importance of animal experiments in biocompatibility of dental biomaterials, this article will review the existing legislation on animal studies in France.Reaching to this objective, a review literature was carried out by using Google database and searching topics like "éthique", "biocompatibilité", "essais animal", "essais d’utilisatio", "lois françaises" and "biomatériau" through internet motor engine.Based on the result of this study, the first French law in animal protection was in 1850. But, until now more rigorous laws in Animal studies are necessary for evaluating biocompatibility of dental materials. But during the research, the researcher must provide the animal welfare and deal with them in ethical way.

I review the interesting article “Effects of Platelet-Rich Plasma on Healing of Sphincteroplasty: An Experiment in Rabbit Model” (1)about application of Platelet-Rich Plasma in the anal sphincteroplasty While reviewing the article which proposed a novel idea for improving the outcome of sphincteroplasty three issues were questionable for me: The first issue is the site of sphincterotomy as it is mentioned located in posterior midline. It is known that the external anal sphincter is connected posteriorly to the anococcygeal ligament posteriorly (2) and division of sphincter in this point is not always associated with separation of sphincter and fecal incontinence. Animal experiments on the anal sphincter is different in the basis of sphincter function rather than an anatomical basis has a physiologic basis and if sphincterotomy is done in an animal the impaired function should be demonstrated(3) before further intervention. Due to small size of sphincter complex in the small animals it is sometimes hard to understand the exact territory of muscle.

The purpose of this study was to determine the therapeutic efficacy of citric and tartaric acids on experimental dermatophytosis in guinea pigs. In this study, the susceptibility of Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes to citric and tartaric acids was assessed using the macrodilution broth method. In the animal experiments, a cream consisting of the mixed acids was topically applied once per day for ten consecutive days, beginning five days following infection. Animals in a positive control group were treated with 1% clotrimazole cream. The results of this study showed that application of the mixed acid cream led to a significant improvement in guinea pigs suffering from dermatophytosis (P < 0.05). A similar improvement in local symptoms was achieved in the animals treated with 1% clotrimazole cream. These results indicate that organic acids such as citric and tartaric acids can potentially act as topical antifungal agents and may represent a valuable new approach in dermatophytosis.

In this study، a medicinal plant، Galla rhois (GR)، was examined and screened for its anti-Helicobacter pylori activity. Galla rhois was extracted with 70% ethanol. Inhibitory zone tests، as in vitro assays، and an in vivo study using a Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) model were performed. The safety of the GR extract was then evaluated in an animal study. The Galla rhois extract demonstrated a strong anti-H. pylori activity as well as strong therapeutic effects against H. pylori infection in the in vivo animal experiments based on the histological criteria and the rapid urease test. Results of the safety study revealed that the animals had no detectable gross or histological changes after a 28 day treatment with the GR extract. These results demonstrate that the GR extract successfully cured H. pylori infections and protected against H. pylori-induced pathology. This herb could be a promising treatment for patients with gastric complaints including gastric ulcers caused by H. pylori.

Many different radiolabeled antibodies have been used for radioimmunotherapy and radioimmunoscintigraphy of human diseases in animal experiments. In order to study the in vivo tissue distribution of antibody, we labeled human nonspecific polyclonal IgG with Na125I using chloramine-T method. An animal model was developed by injecting turpentine in the posterior left thigh of Balb/c mice. Tissue distribution of 125I-IgG was assessed in normal and induced inflammation mice. Although labeled IgG accumulated in normal tissues such as liver, spleen and blood, its localization in inflammatory left thigh was significantly different from normal right thigh. Thus, by using the radiolabeling methods of IgG in order to increase the target-to-background ratio, antibody scintigraphy could be suggested as a powerful diagnostic tool for inflammation.

Furazolidone (FZD), a nitrofuran derivative, is an antibacterial agent in use by the medical and veterinary fields. The Chinese have utilized FZD to relieve stomach pain, 5 years before the discovery of Helicobacter pylori. This drug is currently a part of Helicobacter pylori's eradication regimen. However, some carcinogenic and toxic adverse effects associated with FZD have been observed in animal experiments with controversial results, but there is no evidence to support the presence of these adverse effects in humans at a therapeutic dosage. The side effects of FZD can additionally be avoided by shortening its treatment period to 5-7 days. In Europe and North America FZD is not a first line regimen for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori but it is usually used as rescue treatment. In less developed or low-income countries, the FZD-based regimen has been recommended as a first line regimen by the World Gastroenterology Organization. In Iran, FZD when compared to clarithromycin is more effective, less expensive and has better availability.

Trauma is the leading cause of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) bony ankylosis. The treatment of the condition poses a significant challenge because of the high incidence of recurrence. We previously proposed a new view that the development of traumatic TMJ bony ankylosis may be a course similar to hypertrophic nonunion, and the ensuing animal experiments preliminarily verified this view through histological analysis and molecular biology examination. In view of the similarity between bone healing and bony ankylosis, and the importance of recruitment and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) during the course of bone healing, it is reasonable to select MSCs as the breakthrough point for prevention of bony ankylosis. Recent studies reveal that fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a key mediator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), can promote adipocyte differentiation, inhibit osteoblast differentiation of MSCs and stimulate osteoclast activity by activation of PPARγ. Therefore, we hypothesize that local FGF21 injection may prohibit the onset of traumatic TMJ bony ankylosis through formation of a fat pad separating the condyle from the glenoid fossa, inhibition of new bone formation and promotion of bone resorption in the joint space, which thus may be a potential novel treatment for TMJ bony ankylosis.