In this paper, the biological evolution of the carbonate platform of the Taleh Zang Formation with Paleocene age in the Kermanshah region has been investigated in two stages (time interval) concentrating on fossil debris (such as algae, corals, and benthic foraminifera). For this purpose, two suitable stratigraphic of this formation in the south (Kaboutar Bala section) and southwest (Barikeh section) of Kermanshah were selected, sampled, and studied. For a broader view, the results of this study have been compared with other parts of Tethys basin around the world. The depositional environment of the studied deposits of the Taleh Zang Formation is a carbonate ramp and is probably a form a low gradient ramp due to underdeveloped coral constructions. The gradient of this platform increases from the northwest (Barikeh section) to the southwest (Kaboutar Bala section). Four biofacies were recognized in the studied successions, which include green algae, coral, green algae and benthic foraminifera as well as benthic foraminifera and green algal biofacies. In the lower parts of the Taleh Zang Formation, the presence of algal and coral biofacies (patch reefs) indicates the first stage of carbonate biological evolution of this formation, in that such biofacies has been identified in the Paleocene sequences of other Tethys sectors. Throughout the time and in the upper parts of the Taleh Zang Formation, corals have disappeared and the abundance of green algae is greatly reduced. By the presence of benthic foraminifera with low amounts of green algae, the second stage of the biological evolution of the carbonate platform of the Taleh Zang Formation in the Kermanshah region is formed. In the Early Eocene in Kermanshah region and in the studied successions, due to the seawater regression, the production of carbonates in the Taleh Zang Formation stopped and the detrital red sediments of the Kashkan Formation replaced the carbonates of the Taleh Zang Formation. However, the carbonate production of this formation continued in other areas of the Zagros sedimentary basin (Lorestan province) until the Middle Eocene.

The principle of natural selection was presented by the famous English naturalist and biologist, Charles Darwin, in ninth century. The principle, being as a foundation for biological evolution, has been regarded by many theologians to be in disagreement with the world of creation to be of purpose and, therefore, with belief in God. Yet thepaper has shown that such a disagreement lies more in incorrect comments of the Darwinian principle than in the principle itself.

Our understanding of changes that occurred in Popper's thought on biological evolution can help us to discover some neglected aspects of his philosophical system. The article argues that some of Popper's epistemological views have changed over his intellectual life on his attitude towards evolution. These intellectual changes have been occurred from the belief in the possibility of not using truth and falsehood in his initial opinions, to emphasizing the issue of truth and truthfulness in his middle career, and finally moving more and more from a proposition-oriented perspective to non-propositional evolutionary perspectives in his late life. In later Popper, we see a mature evolutionary perspective that is original, and completely different from his earlier reading of Darwinism. These changes have consequences for Popper's thought system, especially in the field of epistemology. On the other hand, the originality of Popper’s reading of Darwinism is rooted in some of his philosophical thoughts. Per Popper's view adaptation is produced as the result of a problem-solving process and biological evolution is the product of an epistemological process. The article is an attention to the reconstruction of Popper's philosophical system in the light of his understanding of his invented reading of evolution; a reading that is conform to some of the new developments in evolutionary biology.

Current spoken languages in the world, are the product of centuries of transmutation within human societies. Languages were not created over night, yet they have transformed through a gradual process in which they have distanced themselves from the spoken words of our ancestors and developed into the modern day languages and dialects in use. The historical journey of our spoken words with their transmutation and evolution, has been the subject of many studies through time. Resemblance between the evolution and diversification of languages with that of living species has promoted scientists to apply the developed models of biological evolution aided by data processing tools developed by the advancements in computer sciences to study the historical evolution of languages and discover affinities and the approximate time of their transmutation from the dialects of their ancestors. Such methods have been utilized to study the genealogy of languages in the past, especially for Indo-European family of languages and dialects. In this article, the authors have utilized prevalent models in evolution biology to chart the genealogy of 49 Iranian (Persian) dialects. It is hoped that advancement of the proposed method will result in collection, documentation and study of all Iranian dialects.

Richard Dawkins has taken an atheistic approach to the evolutionary explanation of the origin of religion. In this regard, he has used the hypothesis of "religion as a sub-matter" as well as the hypothesis of "Meme". Alister McGrath, on the other hand, criticizes his atheistic approach and finds his arguments deeply inadequate and unjustified. According to McGrath, a purely biological explanation of the origin of religion is incorrect and results from a confusion between biological evolution and cultural evolution. Incompatibility, lack of reason, cognitive bias, lack of distinction between the propositions of religion, lack of similarity between genes and memes are among the drawbacks of these two hypotheses. The problem with leading research is to visualize and measure the contrast between the two approaches. In this evaluation, we have used the library-documentary method in terms of collection and the analytical method in terms of arbitration. The results of the research show that although, on the whole, McGrath’s bugs are useful and effective; But in some cases, he has not provided a sufficient and comprehensive explanation.

Andiishe-ye door-o deraz (a high and far sighted mind ) by Mohammad Ali Foruqi (1927) is a narration advocating and contemplative from different aspects. Howevere it dosent suitably presents and studies. This article wills to point to position of this work in history of contemporary literature. This work is a futuristic narration and retells prediictiions base upon sciientific findings. Narrator in the beginning predicts technological progresses on modern age, then to point to argumenttative theory of evolution. He tries with this theory opens path up horizon to the future. And finally he relates biological evolution of the human to him moral and educational evelation.

In mammals, the majority of products of gene expression are non-coding ribonucleotide sequences. They include short and long RNA molecules with sizes ranging of tens to hundreds of nucleotides. Among them, the molecules with more than 200 nucleotides are called long non-coding RNAs or lncRNAs. While LncRNAs functions depend on their unique molecular structures, they play important roles in regulating gene expression at epigenetic, transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Interacting with other biological molecules such as DNA, RNA and protein, LncRNAs have been found to play important roles in normal cell physiological activities. Activation of transcription factors, guidance of ribonucleoprotein complexes, aggregation of partner proteins, regulation of alternative processing, cooperation in chromatin remodeling, facilitation of genomic imprinting, maintaining of multipotential state and control of nucleus/cytoplasm traffic are some of crucial approaches Implemented by LncRNAs. Modern technologies have been developed to identify lncRNA molecules, and many relevant databases have been designated to facilitate research and academic exchange of data concerning them. In this review article, signification, identification, classification, biological evolution, genomic position, configuration, expression, localization and remarkable functions of LncRNAs have been discussed.

The current review is on a book titled: Not by Genes Alone written by Peter J. Richerson and Robert Boyd. The review begins with an introduction to Human sciences in Iran and the world and different aspects are discussed. The role of biological factors and Genetics in shaping human behavior and culture is critiqued. Although this book is not a new book on this matter, it refers to the importance of culture and biological evolution. The authors describe the importance of culture for understanding the human behavior and the fact that culture is part of biology.  The authors believe that to understand culture, the "population thinking" (thinking that the influence on a population is main cause of change in culture and not individual human being) is the key. Genes and environment interact together and both play a role in human behavior.

Sensor networks are a new generation of networks. In this paper, an algorithm has been proposed to improve the performance of the EAMMH algorithm. For this purpose, the evolutionary firefly algorithm and genetic algorithm that itself has been modeled after natural biological evolution modeling have been used, and instead of randomly choosing cluster heads, it works on the possible answers that have superior attributes and also have a higher survival rate. The results of comparing LEACH and EAMMH protocols and the proposed method in terms of the number of dead nodes compared to the number of execution times based on 50, 100, and 200 nodes indicates that the number of dead nodes for the simulation of LEACH protocol is almost equal to the number of dead nodes for the EAMMH protocol, but the proposed algorithm has approximately 10 percent less dead nodes, but by an increase in the number of nodes (200 nodes) the number of dead nodes have decreased 35 percent and 22 percent compared to LEACH and EAMMH algorithms respectively.

Sensor networks are a new generation of networks. In this paper, an algorithm has been proposed to improve the performance of the EAMMH algorithm. For this purpose, the evolutionary firefly algorithm and genetic algorithm that itself has been modeled after natural biological evolution modeling have been used, and instead of randomly choosing cluster heads, it works on the possible answers that have superior attributes and also have a higher survival rate. The results of comparing LEACH and EAMMH protocols and the proposed method in terms of the number of dead nodes compared to the number of execution times based on 50, 100, and 200 nodes indicates that the number of dead nodes for the simulation of LEACH protocol is almost equal to the number of dead nodes for the EAMMH protocol, but the proposed algorithm has approximately 10 percent less dead nodes, but by an increase in the number of nodes (200 nodes) the number of dead nodes have decreased 35 percent and 22 percent compared to LEACH and EAMMH algorithms respectively.