Biorheology is the application of rheology in biotechnology for bioprocess design, processcontrol and measurement of rheological characterization of bioproducts. Biological culturescomprise extended categories of non –Newtonian fluids that rheological analysis behavior and mathematical models of which are necessary for biotechnology process design speciallybioreactors. Accordingly, many research is needed to be done and transport phenomenarelationship specially heat and mass transfer coefficients be evaluated based on non-Newtonian behavior.

One of the major obstacles of Bt production as a biopesticide is its expensive bioprocess and fermentation. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to optimize growth condition and develop a low-cost bioprocess for mass production of a native coleopteran-effective Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strain (KH4) based on agricultural wastes, at incubator and batch fermenter level. Preliminary experiments showed that the optimum pH and temperature for the strain were 6.5 and 30°C, respectively. The maximum growth and spore/crystal production were observed in the medium containing 2% molasses and 3% corn steep liquor as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. Different concentrations of the sea salt were used as a new cheap and available mineral source. Sea salt with final 0.003% w/w concentration showed the highest rate of growth for the strain. The experiments in Batch fermenter showed that volume of 2% bacterial inoculation in total volume of medium culture was the best concentration as preculture. It was shown that pH significantly decreased at the beginning of logarithmic phase, whereas it significantly increased at the end of the logarithmic phase. By increasing fermentation period, the oxygen demand was increased, and by increasing oxygen concentration up to 70%, the bacterial growth and the spores/crystal production was increased. Based on the results, the growth condition of the strain was optimized and a new cheap and available commercial fermentation medium was developed for mass production of the strain in the batch systems.

Identification and use of more efficient enzymes in the food and pharmaceutical industries is the focus of many researchers. The aim of this study was to search for a new bacterial strain capable of producing high levels of pullulanase applicable to biotechnology, the starch bioprocessing and food industries. A new pullulan hydrolyzing Bacillus strain was isolated and designated SDK2. Morphological and biochemical tests identified the strain as a putative Bacillus cereus strain, which was further characterized and confirmed through 16s rRNA sequencing, and was submitted to GeneBank, under the accession number FR6864500. Quantative analysis of the strain’s pullulanase activity was carried out by the Dintrosalicyclic (DNS) acid-based assay. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) of the culture supernatant, identified the extracellular pullulanase as neopullulanase. Effects of temperature and pH on pullulanase activity were also studied. The optimum conditions for enzyme activity, as represented by 60o C and a pH of 7, resulted in an activity of 13.43 U/ml, which is much higher than some of the previously reported activities. However, growth of B. cereus SDK2 was also observed at a pH range of 5 to 10, and temperatures of 30 oC to 50 oC. The effect of metal ions and reagents, such as Mg+2, Ca+2, Zn+2, Cu+2, Fe+2, Ni+2 on enzyme activity showed that Ca+2 ions increased pullulan activity, whereas the other ions and reagents inhibited pullulanase activity. The ability of B. cereus SDK2 to produce high levels of neopullulanase stable at 60 oC that can generate panose from pullulan, make this newly isolated strain a valuable source of debranching enzyme for biotechnology, the starch bioprocess and medical industries.

Optimal control problems appear in several engineering fields and in particular on the fed-batch fermentation processes. Since Simulated Annealing Method has less been used in bioprocesses; we prefer to use this method of optimization in this research because of two reasons. First the uncertainty of the model of these processes and also these models depended all on a lot of parameters. The optimal feeding profiles of a fed batch process for three cases obtained by means of a stochastic algorithm. The accepted profiles were smooth and similar to those derived analytically in other studies. With these result effect of cell mass and glucose concentration was shown on feed profile and ethanol production. And ability of simulated annealing was tested for this kind of model; however the answer was so good.

Airlift bioreactors form one of the most important classes of gas-liquid contactors that are extensively used in chemical and biochemical processes especially in oil and gas industries. These bioreactors have some advantages respect to CSTR and BCR’s especially in bioprocesses. In this article, various kinds of airlift bioreactors have been investigated. Design or scaling of the bioreactors is depend on the hydrodynamics turnover, that inclusive using parameters such as gas velocity, void fraction, liquid velocity and mixing. Because of the rigorous interaction, behavior study of these bioreactors are complicated. In this research, effective hydrodynamics parameters in the airlift bioreactors are investigated.

Discharge of wastewater from textile dyeing industries has been a problem in terms of pollution and treatment of these waters is a great task. Keeping this in mind, the aim of our current research is to study the effect of various bioprocess variables on decolorization of an azo dye, Congo red, by a fungal isolate, Aspergillus niger HM11. Central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM) have been applied to design experiments to evaluate the interactive effects of the operating variables: on the decolorization of Congo red. A total of 30 experiments were conducted in the present study and a regression coefficient between the variables was generated. The RSM indicated that pH 6.0, 150 rpm agitation, incubation time of 36 hrs and a glucose concentration of 1.0% were optimal for maximum decolorization of Congo red and the response indicated excellent evaluation of experimental data. From this study, it is very obvious that the fungal isolate, Aspergillus niger HM11 can be used as a promising microbial strain for decolorization of textile dyeing effluent containing similar dyes.

This paper presents both, the design and the development of a monitoring and control system via web for a closed microalgae crop and the results that were gotten using the strain Haematococcus pluvialis. The research was done at Sabana University (Colombia) and it aims to quantify the kinetic growth associated to the increment of biomass and the development of red pigment inside the cells when exposed to different wavelength (λ), constant temperatures, agitation and cycles of light/darkness over the crop. It was found that for short wavelengths (470nm -blue light) the cell size, the quantity of red pigment and the growth kinetics were higher, meanwhile growth was at a lower rate in the crop illuminated with green light (525nm). All of the above was established thanks to a system that allowed real time control and monitoring without human interference. This increases the reliability of the bioprocess data and gains more efficiency in this kind of researching.

Modeling process is very important and valuable to predict process outcome, especially to bioprocesses which are intricate. Because of complex hydrocarbon compounds and oscillations happened in the medium of process, biodegradation of mazut has not already been investigated by mathematical models. In this study, an indigenous bacterium was isolated from oil contaminated soil to investigate biodegradation of mazut at different experimental conditions. Data resulted from mazut degradation, pH, and electrical potential in the medium were recorded. Some kinetic models reported and combinations of them were investigated to practically modeling the process. In addition, a new equation, that can predict various phenomena, was applied to functionalize changes of mazut concentration, pH, and electrical potential. Any of the kinetic models didn''t have potential for modeling behavior of mazut biodegradation at different conditions. Opposed to them, the novel equation was able to predict desirable parameter using two variables, and functionalize data by appropriate coefficients.

The study was carried out to investigate the chemical metal elements that existed in the algal biodiesel through transesterification bioprocess. The biodiesel conversion yield and the physical and chemical properties of the biodiesel produced were also investigated using GC-MS and multi-element oil analyzer. The highest biodiesel conversion yield of 99.1% was obtained in the mixture of catalyst and nano catalyst (NaOH +KOH + CaO nano catalyst) using 1:4 volumetric oil-to-methanol ratio, 1.0% of catalyst at 40°C reaction temperature and a stirring speed of 320 rpm. However, there was a significant difference in the viscosity and acid value of the biodiesel produced between a single catalyst and a mixture of catalysts. Moreover, the chemical metal elements (Na, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Zn, Ag, Al, P, Pb, B, Cr, Mn, Sn, Mo, Si, Cr, Ba, Ni, Ti & V) were found lower in the mixture of nano catalyst and catalyst (NaOH +KOH +CaO nano catalyst) than the mixture of base catalyst (NaOH+ KOH) and single base catalyst (NaOH or KOH). Finally, it seemed that biodiesel obtained using the mixture of catalyst and nano catalyst had a lower chemical metal element value than the single catalyst, which was considered a better biodiesel yield.

The study investigated the efficiency of biodiesel conversion from jatropha oil-based free fatty acid using an acid-based catalyzed transesterification bioprocess. The maximum Jatropha biodiesel yield was 80% in a 1-hour reaction using a 0.03:1 acid catalyst to oil and a 2:1 alcohol-to-oil ratio. At the same time, the optimum biodiesel yield was in a 2-hour reaction for step 2 by using a 0.03:1 ratio of base catalyst to oil and a 5:1 ratio of alcohol to oil. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer analysis of Jatropha Biodiesel (JB) revealed a methyl peak (O-CH3) at 1436.07 cm-1, indicating compatibility with pure mineral diesel, high speed (1295.67rpm), brake horsepower(30.6906KW), mechanical efficiency (53.10%), and lower specific fuel consumption (15.5879 mL/KW. compared with other Jatropha biodiesel blends.