This article reviews the increasing energy prices with cash paid on income distribution in Iran's economy. Gini coefficient is an indicator of the income distribution. First, assuming no impact of energy price increases on economic growth, inflation and employment and using different deciles of household income for 1387 year, energy price increases on each of the deciles calculated and then, with cash subsidies, the Gini coefficient is calculated. Results show the effect of increasing energy prices with direct cash payments, the Gini coefficient is reduced.
In order to fully evaluate the effects of energy price increases on income distribution, using simultaneous equations, direct and indirect effects of these increases on economic growth, inflation and employment, together with cash payment on the Gini coefficient were examined. The results showed that the Gini coefficient increases. In other words, such subsidies with targeted cash payments, the income distribution will become more unbalanced.

IntroductionMany developing countries have achieved considerable progress in reducing poverty over the Last 30 years due to high rates of economic growth and broad-based development programmes.
However, even where growth has had a great impact on poverty in the aggregate, pockets of Poverty have persisted among marginalized groups such as indigenous peoples and those living in marginalized and remote areas, where the incidence of poverty is typically greater than among the rest of society. In Rural sustainable Development Process, Poverty Eradication, providing the essential needs and poor’s empowerments in different dimensions, have an important position. Economic and social capabilities did not feature in the old agenda, despite their major role in driving poverty reduction and development. Then, in recent decades, so many of solutions had been presented and matched by different countries for poverty reduction or Eradication that entrepreneurship development, micro credit allocation, subsides targeting, Cash assistance grants and …are some of these solutions and are implementing for rural economic empowerment especially in focus groups. Then, for assisting the social weak and poor groups and those empowering, so many of countries, use of low benefit loans and some of them use of cash payments subsidies allocation to rural poor people, that in the recent years, this policy are implementing in Iran too. Subsidies targeting as a one of the economical tools for poverty reduction especially in rural area that use by so many of governments. It will be able to Enhancing access to skills and strengthening grass-roots organizations have also proved effective in reaching the poorest and the marginalized, and promoting their participation and contribution to development processes. Cash payment subsidiary is an effective way for rural empowerment that is experimented in Iran’s rural area too. For this regards, the key question of this study is that how Cash payment subsidiary could be effective for rural empowering as a main goal of subsides targeting?
MethodologyThis practical study had been done based on analytical- explanation method and assessing the effects of cash payment subsidiaries on rural focus group empowerment is the main purpose of that. In the present study, Used Data had been gathered through documentary and field observation methods and questionnaire filling based on 16 indicators that had been extracted from theoretical framework. Sample community of this research contain all rural families that are Khodabandeh relief foundation and welfare organization members (7207) and 365 family had been selected by Cochran’s formula as a case study community and samples distributions was randomly. Also, K2 and T-test, correlations and regression statistical method had been used for data analyzing in this study.
FindingBased on gained result, effective dimensions of subsidiaries cash payment are on medical and health care accesses, improving the food diet among rural people, and Increase the purchasing power. In micro level - items- the highest impact was on the reduction of monetary tablets, installment purchase supplies, power repayment, purchase basic necessities and living tools (TV, washing machine and. ..), Reducing self-medication, conduct periodic tests ups, prepared educational needs of children, increasing weekly consumption of protein (meat and fish) at meals, weekly consumption of fruits and vegetables in the diet can be seen. But overall correlation between dependent and independent variables indicate that there is a correlation between them, but the important point is that the intensity of relationship between them is different. In the other words, there is high and significant relationship between subsidiaries receipt and changing the indicators such as increased economic risk, diversification of diet, increase purchasing power, improve access to health care, improving access to education. Also, the result of regression examination show that cash payment subsidiaries had most effects on economical risk accepting indicators (0.184), diversification of diet (0.181) and increasing the power of purchasing (0.169).
DiscussionIn general, donor support to empowerment processes is most effective around issues that are seen as pressing challenges for poor rural people livelihoods. In this study it was found that cash payment subsidy had less impact on the lives of rural target groups and empowers them. In most cases, mean of studied indicators and items, are lower than the theoretical average. Because, increasing the cost of energy and level of inflation, had been lead to the reduction of rural people’s power, especially in target groups and in different fields. It seems that in years of beginning the subsidiaries cash payment, its effects on rural targets group was tangible, but over time due to inflation and cost of living increasing, and a gradual increase of intermittent energy prices, without any changing at the amount of subsidy payments, effects of subsidies for empowering the rural target groups had been reduced. In the other hands, lack of educational base for job creating and investing in addition to less mount of subsidy payments, leads rural families to buying the essential commodity and needed material at family.
Based on gained result it’s possible that cash payment subsides help the rural people for managing the resource. Three quarters of the world’s poorest people live in rural areas, and their livelihoods depend on farming, pastoral ism, forestry, and artisan fishing – all of which can be subsumed under the term agriculture. Agriculture and natural resource management are crucial for pro-poor growth; empowerment is key factor to the success and sustainability of development initiatives in these areas. Based on the result of former studies in this phase and also, the result of this study, it may had some negative effect in addition to positive effects, but managing style of subsides is so important for decreasing the weakness and improving the benefits of it. Empowering the rural people could be happen in different factors and the effects of governmental subsides is really significant for achieving to sustainable development.

Earning and its related components including information that people when they decide to consider.Information components of earning is important and predict future earnings.The purpose of research is study persistence and information content of the cash component of earning in companies accepted the Tehran Stock Exchange so that the results of research is used in decisions of investors and their pricing.Earning can be divided into two components of cash flow and accrual. In this research decompose the cash component into (1) the change in the cash balance "ΔCASH" (2) net cash payments (receive) to shareholders "DIST_EQ" (3) net cash payments(receive)to creditors "DIST_D"Results of research show that " ΔCASH " better than other components explain next year earning but investors overestimate the persistence "ΔCASH" and are closer to correctly estimating the persistence " DIST_EQ" and "DIST_D"

Payment and settlement systems of every country include cash, credit, and electronic payment systems. Distribution of the load of deals and payments in each segment depends on various factors including electronic and banking infrastructure, progress of non-cash systems compared to cash payments, cultural environment, and legal provisions for recovering credits.The current study aims at investigating various dimensions of payment systems in the country and ways to reform and improve them from theoretical and comparative aspects. It tries to use its findings to propose a suitable framework for improvement of the system.

Social and economic costs imposed by energy carriers’ price reform policy cause policy-makers to pay attention to revenue recycling of this policy and its redistribution into economics aiming at reducing or removing these costs. Thus, drawing on Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) and SAM in 2017, this paper tries to analyse economic Implications of Distributional Policies on Revenues Related to Energy Carriers price Reform. In doing so, scenarios have been considered in terms of cash payments, labour-related payments, and production-related subsides. Analysis on possible scenarios shows that if three ways of distributing avenues related to energy carriers’ price reform policy is to combine together, inflation will ensue minimally. Moreover, if government cease to distribute these avenues, gross domestic production will go through a maximal decrease, and in the event of combining three ways, or cash payments and labour-related payments, production will go through a maximal decrease, and as a result, household welfare will be minimized.

Price subsidization and income transfers have their main purposes- decreasing the price of essential items and providing some degree of social protections- in Iran's social protection system. Instead, price subsidies have led to increasing wasteful consumption, which distort production incentives and increase social division. This is why targeting subsidies, particularly energy, basic commodities and drug subsidies, have been the main source of concerning among the politicians for almost last two decades. Cash payment is a method that the government has been trying to implement. Critics of the government's social policy emphasize on the economic as well as social consequences of cash payment method. Including: hyper-inflation, increased costs of production and invariable amount of consumption in short run. Lack of a reliable comprehensive data bank has been the main obstacle to an effective targeting. This study shows that due to the asymmetric information between government and individuals, cash payment, based on means-tested approach, is not an effective method of subsidy payment. This study, then suggests a self-selection method which is a way that individuals with different characteristic types can select the different baskets. Therefore, targeted household groups are separated in to four different groups with different performances over combinations of cash and in-kind subsidies. Government can offer each group a specifically designed basket consists of different combination of cash and in-kind subsidies. individuals by selecting right basket not only reveal their own type but also reduce the cost of government `s subsidizing program. Designing right baskets for right household groups in practice is the main challenge.

In this study، we survey the effects of cash payments of electrical energy subsidies on prices index based on a computable general equilibrium model for Iran using a social accounting matrix (SAM) in 2006. We applied three scenarios on cash payments and their financing through (a) surplus revenues of government، (b) sales tax on electricity and (c) income tax on household revenue، and combined these scenarios with the scenario of increase in prices. The results show that in cases (a) and (c); the general prices level and price indices have direct relationship with cash subsidies and electricity prices. However، in case (b)، financing through sales tax، due to changes in the composition of aggregate demand، results in decreasing general price level.

Government's payment of subsidies is a supporting policy for social and economic sectors. A goal of establishing social subsidies is protection of low-income groups and increasing welfare. In recent years, the government has taken steps in way of reforming and reduction of food subsidy. Impacts of Iranian food subsidy reform policies on household welfare are investigated in this study, using a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) based on Computable General Equilibrium (CGE). The SAM belongs to 2000. The result showed that cash payment of food subsidy has increased household welfare, but untargeted of food subsidy did not reduce expenditure of government. Therefore, the expenditure of food subsidies by the government must be considered as well as the household's welfare. It is suggested that the cash payments to food subsidies should be targeted to low income groups.

Withdrawing energy subsidies has inevitably welfare effects on the Iranian economy. The estimation of this effect can help policy-makers and planners to take the right decisions. In this paper, welfare effects of cash transfer are calculated for electrical energy subsidies using a social accounting matrix and the computable general equilibrium model. In order to evaluate the welfare effect of this policy, GDP index has also been implemented. Three scenarios of prices, cash payment of subsidies and model simulation are considered in this regard. The research findings reveal that as a result of these policies, GDP will dramatically decrease and the economy will fall into a recession. If the cash payments are financed through the following three methods; a) surplus government revenues, b) sales tax on electricity commodity, c) income tax, combined with price increasing policy, will cause a deeper recession and a lower rate of GDP as a result. This trend has a negative and reverse relation with the amount of cash payment subsidies and electrical energy price. Also, the rate of change will heavily depend on the sort of financial resources for such subsidies, as with an increase in cash subsidies and electricity prices, the result would be decreased level of GDP over time.

Governments use vary method for creating the social justice and social group gap reduction until now, that subsidies targeting and conducting some part of national capital toward lower social group is one of them. The main goal of this method is empowerment of weak social groups; target group, poor and rural people and helping them to changing the quality of their life especially in level of family. Therefore, in this study had been tried to assessment of cash pay subsidies effects on rural family’s quality of life. This papers methodology is Analytical- explanation and data gathered by questionnaire and its 14 designed indexes at 3 dimensions for quality of life assessment in rural family. For this purpose 364 families had been choose in 15 rural point of Shiring rural district of Aliabad as a case study area. Data analyzing and getting result of quality of life comparison, before and after cash payment subsidies inception by Wilcox on examination in SPSS, show that from 47 studied items, 21 items with alpha coefficient lower than 0.05, has meaningful relation on quality of life and therefore, it proved that cash payment was effective on rural quality of life. Also, result of T-test examination show that cash payment subsides was effective in 4 criteria of rural quality of life in case study rural area and other criteria’s affecting were lower than median range.