Banking credit assessment system known as Credit reporting or Credit Bureau System is based on information sharing principle and in fact is shaped and implemented by the participation of different organizations by sharing valuable credit information of individual and companies. Credit Bureau members should store the credit information of customers in a coherent database and comply with specific standards in order to enable other members to access to the valuable information via specific access information. Implementation of such mechanism is applicable just by information technology (IT). Speed, accuracy and security are three main characteristics of this system. On the other hand, internal architecture of the system enables rapid processing of information and storing huge amount of them (for instance, creating credit file for every Iranian citizens and company for five active year archive). Also there are some different protocols regarding network security and information sharing. Iran Credit Scoring (ICS) has been established as a credit reporting agency or credit Bureau institution of Iran in line with Iranian 44 articles of privatization and Parliament’s credit acceleration law. These laws mission is to develop and implement credit bureau system for the banking and credit industry and making all needed infrastructures prepared with the support of Economic ministry and central bank and participation of banks.The author of this article has tried to present the activities and achievements of the ICS companies as a benchmark in successful developing and implementing a credit bureau system, defined the position of modern technologies for banks and insurance companies in assessing the customers’ creditworthiness and finally discussed scientific and technical perspectives such as information sharing, storing, processing and reporting, providing network security, data transferring paths and data transferring format (XML).

one of the missions of law science is to Provide rational conditions or according to economists is Effective selection for people. One of the prerequisites for rational choice is Having accurate and clear information about the financial credibility of individuals and institutions. Many irrational choices is Due to lack or defective of information Which is the cause of the victimization of individuals and institutions In the field of economic crime . On the other hand, some use this vacuum of information and commit fraud, theft, money laundering and ... . Access to accurate and transparent information is essential for the success of economic activity and the prevention of crime in the field of financial crime. In the shadow of access to transparent information on financial markets, statistics on financial crime can be counted. This goal is achieved through Credit Reporting Institutions. Credit report is one of the critical sections for assessing the financial credibility of individuals and institutions Which is done by credit reporting agencies. The work of these institutions is to store and maintain the offenses committed by the Committees in the database. Precedent information may vary in different ways. Including it may contain negative information Such as late payment information, financial convictions Or it may contain positive information such as timely payment of debt, good debt ... or a combination of the two . In this paper, our goal is to after the introduction of credit rating agencies We analyze the role of these institutions in preventing financial crime Finally, we will look at the comparative analysis of the functioning of this institution in the rights of both Iran and the United States, And through this, we will provide a solution to these financial institutions in order to prevent financial crimes in Iran due to the lack of an institution in Iran.

Credit rating agencies play an important role in monitoring and disseminating information, and their ability to reduce information asymmetry means they have a unique role in creating value for debt and equity holders. The credit rating is an index that indicates the credit risk (default risk) of a company (debtor) or a specific debt (corporate bonds) and is a measure for determining the costs (interest rate) incurred when using other people's capital in the market; As an important indicator when issuing corporate bonds or borrowing funds, it affects the cash flow and value of the company. A credit rating is important to a company because of its impact on the valuation of stocks and bonds and the legal and contractual costs (benefits) associated with a change in credit rating. Therefore, managers are incentivized to maintain or achieve a favorable credit rating by influencing the rating agencies' perception of the firm's creditworthiness. The existing literature shows that the costs (benefits) associated with credit rating changes affect managerial capital structure decisions and firm financing choices, and firms tend to adjust leverage to influence rating agencies' decisions. However, leverage is not the only important consideration for rating agencies when determining a company's credit rating. On the other hand, the rating process requires analyzing publicly disclosed company information about a company's value. This study investigates how to use management and performance (managers' discretionary disclosure, managers' ability and accounting conservatism) to achieve a favorable credit rating. The data of 90 companies admitted to the Iran Stock Exchange during the years 2013 to 2023 and a total of 990 annual financial statement reports, explanatory notes and reports of the board of directors' activities to the annual meeting of shareholders were used. Multiple regression methods have used hypotheses based on combined data.This checklist consists of 60 components for optional disclosure that each item in the checklist if it is disclosed in the annual financial statements, explanatory notes and the report of the general meeting; The number is considered to be one and otherwise zero, and finally, the optional disclosure index is calculated by dividing the sum of disclosed items by the total items that should be disclosed.Findings The results of the first hypothesis test showed that companies get higher ranks with the increase in managers' discretionary disclosure. It seems that companies tend to commit to the disclosure of credible information to influence the perception of rating agencies. A credible commitment to voluntary disclosure reduces the information asymmetry between inside and outside the firm, resulting in rating agencies' expectations of higher creditworthiness of the firm. Managers appear to use discretionary disclosure to obtain favorable ratings rationally. The increase in managers' voluntary disclosure may be due to opportunistic motives to obtain a favorable credit rating. An increase in conservatism will lead to a decrease in the manager's opportunistic behavior and a decrease in default risk. Therefore, companies with higher levels of conservatism and higher credit ratings are rewarded with lower debt costs. Rating agencies are likely to consider managers' ability as a signal of lower default risk, given the tendency of managers with higher ability to deliver more limited performance results in the future. By increasing managers' discretionary disclosure, companies get higher ratings. It seems that companies tend to commit to the disclosure of credible information to influence the perception of rating agencies. A credible commitment to voluntary disclosure reduces the information asymmetry between inside and outside the firm, resulting in rating agencies' expectations of higher creditworthiness of the firm. Managers appear to use discretionary disclosure to obtain favorable ratings rationally. Since a significant positive relationship exists between credit rating and discretionary disclosure, companies may have incentives for opportunistic disclosure to obtain a favorable credit rating. The results of this research are consistent with the results of Kim and Ahn (2023) and Hee (2018). Since managers with high ability improve firm performance and information transparency, the idea that managers' ability positively affect credit rating is intuitive. However, it is unclear whether credit rating agencies can accurately measure managers' ability and consider it an independent risk factor because the assessment of managerial ability is subjective and difficult to separate from company performance. The results of the second hypothesis test show a positive and significant relationship between managers' ability and credit rating; companies with more capable managers are more likely to get a higher credit rating. This shows that credit rating agencies recognize managers' ability as an independent credit factor. Hence, rating agencies are likely to consider managers' ability as a signal of lower default risk, given the tendency of managers with higher ability to deliver more limited performance results in the future.Conservative reporting reduces information asymmetry between debt holders and managers, bondholder and shareholder conflicts, debt costs, and default probability. Therefore, it is considered an important accounting method that validates financial reporting. Therefore, managers can use conservative accounting to influence the credit rating analyst's perception of default risk. The results of the third hypothesis show that conservatism positively and significantly affects credit rating. This result shows that companies with higher conservatism get a higher credit rating. It seems that a company that practices more accounting conservatism reduces default risk by increasing cash holdings, and a company that increases accounting conservatism reduces default risk and agency conflict by increasing efficient investments. Hence, credit markets react to corporate reporting strategies and issue higher credit ratings to companies with lower default risk.

Comparing a corporate credit rating and the credit risk helps investors to make any investment decisions. On the other hand, the difference in the rates determines the cost of finance. Credit rating agencies worldwide are more than 100 years old. Although the big three credit ratings agencies, Standard and Poors, Moody's and Fitch rating agencies constitute a large share of the market, in some countries there are national ratings agency. A credit rating agency assigns the rate of corporate as securities issuers. This research is aimed to review 3 worldwide and 2 Iranian systems of rating agencies.

Nowadays, most countries worldwide have chosen the improvement of their business environment and removing barriers to private sector’s activity as one of their economic development strategies; such approach clearly paves the way toward attracting investment and boosting employment. Accordingly, the World Bank measures the improvement of the business environment in countries with the aid of some indicators, among which getting credit is of utmost importance. It is obvious that credit is one of the most fundamental sources of financing economic activities. Iran's rank in this index in 2020 was 127th out of 190 with a score of 58.5. This rating was based on the average rank of countries in the business elements. In the Business Report for 2019, Iran was ranked 128th with a score of 56/98 Giving credit, like other types of economic activities, needs valuable information which can principally be achieved by joining information sources and by using the intermediaries of credit information sharing (credit rating agencies). Credit information sharing in the form of credit rating agencies is relatively a newborn legal issue in Iran and its legal history is not so week. Although, the legal status of such agencies needs to be preferably determined by the statue, currently a bylaw, the so called Credit Rating Regime Bylaw, discusses its relevant issues. However, it seems that the improvement of the Iran's business environment ranking and economic development necessitates to establish the institutional, economic, and more importantly legal framework of such credit rating agencies. The importance and novelty of this subject matter as well as its relevant recently issued bylaw requires its research and scrutiny by the experts. It should be noted that in Iran, unlike in many developed countries, the sharing of commercial credit information was limited to communications between banks and some insurance companies, and it is not too late to establish a database for collecting credit data and credit rating companies. Indeed from 2007 In some laws a few articles have been devoted to the point. “The law on Comforting Banking Facilities and Reducing Project Costs and Accelerating Implementation of Production Plans and Increasing Banking Resources and Banking Efficiency” was initiated in this regards. Credit ratings largely depend on the administrative arrangements of the countries as well as their laws and regulations. As we know, Iran has not had much experience in sharing credit information except for limited actions of banks and insurance companies prior to 2007 and the adoption of the bylaws. Based on this, the rating obtained by the depth of credit information indicator was zero until the 2010 report, which reached 4.5 by the launch and operation of Iran Credit Rating Consulting Company. The activity of the company along with the launch of the Electronic Portal of Corporate Registration and the Judiciary Electronic System has improved the ranking of Iran's Doing Business in 2011. The depth of credit information measures the rules and practices that affect coverage, scope and access to information available through the credit bureau or institution, the amount of credit bureau coverage or credit rating company and the number of natural and legal entities listed in the credit registry. It is Notable that the credit costs are one of the most important costs that can be considered as one of the fundamental issues of the Iranian economy and sharing information leads to asymmetric information reduction and, consequently, to a reduction in the cost of screening applicants and consequently the cost of obtaining credit which could improve business environment. Since laws and regulations are important business contexts and there is a particular focus on the World Bank's indicator, the present article examines the regulations governing credit ratings in Iran and conclude that the Recent bylaw- if it is implemented correctly- can lead to the improvement of Iran's rank in the coming years.

The key to solving the problem of obtaining complex facilities is to create a suitable credit rating model that can provide technical support for the approval of granting facilities provided by small and micro enterprises. Credit rating agencies perform assessment to support financial institutions in processing debts. Added literature in the field of credit rating from January 2015 to August 2023 was analyzed to discover opportunities for further research. Bibliometric analysis was used to understand the existing literature. Subsequently, through structured review theories, the methods used by researchers and credit rating agencies were examined. A hybrid literature review was developed by integrating bibliometric and structured review of research articles from widely recognized databases. A sample of 72 articles has been made and studied to identify the gaps in the field of credit rating and create a suitable solution to fill such gaps. The results showed that most studies appeared as post-financial crisis effects reported in 2016 and 2023. It contributes to the existing literature by encouraging researchers and credit rating agencies to develop a specific credit rating system by evaluating existing models and improvising them by adopting advanced techniques such as multiple regression, neural networks, aggregate learning, and machine learning.

Credit rating agencies have a significant impact on reducing asymmetric information between lenders and borrowers. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the role of credit rating agencies in the capital market, how to play this role and the effects of these institutions on the economy. For this purpose, using a library-based method, the first step is to review the research background in this field. Then, by presenting the historical development of rating agencies and the concept of credit ratings, and evaluating the need for these institutions, we focused on the general realms of influencing credit rating agencies on the economy. These areas included domestic and foreign investment, market efficiencies, corporate competition, economic justice, and meritocracy. in section 5, we examined how these institutions influence the economy. In addition, with respect to concepts like asymmetric information and transparency, the impact of credit rating agencies on these two subjects was discussed, and finally the conclusion was presented. The results show that with the existence of credit rating agencies, because of the reduction of asymmetric information and the ease of analyzing the creditworthiness, investing will be increased, and as a result, we'll see the growth of production, employment, export, and economic welfare.

Credit ratings reflect the relative ability of companies to meet their financial obligations, the relative default probability, and the recovery probability if the debt is not paid. Credit rating agencies build their information analysis on financial statements, which directly affect the credit rating. Tax activities, meanwhile, may contain useful information for credit rating agencies due to their essential role in influencing corporate credit. Thus, the study aims to investigate corporate tax avoidance's effect on credit rating using the Particle swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. Therefore, to achieve the research goal, 101 sample companies were collected in 9 years from 2011 to 2019. The emerging-market scoring model measured credit rating and tax avoidance using two scales of tax-book difference and effective tax rate. The Statistical test related to the results indicates relationships. It is significant between tax avoidance and credit rating.

Today in capital markets, access to precise and up-to-date information is one of the main obsessions of investors and creating information asymmetry between issuers and investors ensures efficiency and trust to these markets and relieve the mentioned obsession; Credit rating agencies, as one type of financial institutions, play an influential role as well with financially serving the investors with information. To that end, these agencies embark upon the task of assessing the default risk of issuers in fulfilling their financial obligations that to best meet those obligations, they are required to conform to a set of principles. The IOSCO Organization as an international authority composed of capital markets’ supervisory bodies, has provided them with a Code of Conduct representing the earlier mentioned principles. In this paper, it’s been tried to analyze the compliance proportion of the Regulation on Establishment and Operation of Credit Rating Agencies (Passed in 2015 by the Board of Directors of the Securities and Exchange Organization) with the IOSCO’s Code of Conduct as well as examining the legal nature of Credit Rating Agencies in Iran that it altogether this paper concluded that the main issues, which were regarded important from the viewpoint of the IOSCO’s Code of Conduct, have been incorporated and implemented in the mentioned Iranian Regulation.

The research is aimed at a comparative study of the coverage of the IRAN, DOCHEWELL and the BBC news agencies on the Sunni tanker tanker accident in the period from January 16 to 25, 2018. In this research, quantitative and qualitative content analysis method has been used. The purposeful sampling of the type of consecutive days is census and its unit is "news". Validity (Validity) Measurement has been achieved with the "parallel credit" criterion and through the re-control of two experts. The reliability of the research and coding method was obtained using the Kappa formula in SPSS software, which indicates the reliability of the research. Also, descriptive measures (frequency, proportion, etc.) were used to analyze the data. Chi-square test was used to analyze the relationship between the reported information and the visually impaired audience.According to the study, the news coverage of the Sanchez oil tanker incident in the IRNA news agency was higher in comparison with the BBC and DOE news agencies and used the highlighting technique; the suggestion of IRNA news was positive and was almost neutral in foreign news agencies.