Plastic hinge properties play a crucial role in predicting the nonlinear response of structural elements. The plastic hinge region of reinforced concrete normal beams has been previously studied experimentally and analytically. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the behavior of the plastic hinge region of reinforced concrete deep beams and its comparison with normal beams through finite element simulation. To do so, ten beams contain six deep beams, and four normal beams, under concentrated and uniformly distributed loading, are investigated. Lengths in the plastic hinge region involving curvature localization, rebar yielding, and concrete crushing zones are studied. The results indicate that the curvature localization zone is not suitable for the prediction of plastic hinge length in reinforced concrete deep beams. Based on the results it can be stated that in simply supported normal beams the concrete crushing zone is focused on the middle span, but in simply supported deep beams by creating a compression strut between loading place and support, the concrete crushing zone spreads along the compression trajectory. The rebar yielding zone of simply supported beams increases as the loading type is changed from the concentrated load at the middle to the uniformly distributed load.

Drilling and blasting have numerous applications in civil and mining engineering. However, there are many unfavorable associated side effects and hazards, such as ground vibrations, air blasts, fly rocks, back-breaks, unwanted displacements, crack formation and propagation, and extended crushed zones, all of which need to be predicted and controlled effectively. Ground vibrations caused by blasting can damage the zones in the vicinity of the explosion block and its associated civilian structures and equipment. In addition to environmental and structural damages, air blasts can irreversibly damage the health by affecting the hearing sense and mental stability of the personnel. Damages to the front face, caused by open-pit and underground explosions, not only increase the maintenance costs, but also make the appearance unacceptable. An important factor in reducing hazards in controlled blasting is the prediction of crack formation around the blast-hole and its propagation, which has been the subject of research since early 1950’s using field experiments, analytical methods and numerical simulations, paving way for many semi empirical correlations presented in the literature on this matter. As a rule of thumb, the radius of the crushed zone and the length of the radial cracks, are assumed to be in the order of 3 to 5 times and 40 to 50 times that of explosive radius, respectively. Hence, the radius of the crushed zone and the radial crack lengths were evaluated to be 10.16 cm and 114 cm, respectively. In this study, the results of the field studies from single blast-holes in the mudstones of Gotvand Olya dam were compared with several empirical correlations, using a blast-hole of 76 mm diameter, 2 m depth, 1 kg emulate 27 charge and a single instantaneous electrical cap. Two seismometers of VIBROLOC placed 8 m and 13 m away from the blast-hole recorded the ground vibration at 17.22 and 9.02 mms-1, respectively. The crushed zone radius and the radial crack length were measured to be 25 cm and 90 cm, respectively. The crack propagation and the ground vibration were compared with the field study results using a UDEC discrete element method. In the simulation exercise, the dynamic loading on the surrounding walls of the blast hole were assumed to be uniform and in radial direction. Also, the blast was assumed to take place instantaneously along the cylindrical charge and the semi-empirical relationship of Liu and Tidman was used to evaluate the maximum detonation pressure produced. The simulation results included a variation in the peak particle velocity with respect to the distance from the blast hole centre, a variation in the particle displacement, a variation in the applied stresses caused by the shock wave travelling, reflecting the stress wave from a free face. The numerical analysis indicated the crushed zone radius and the radial crack length to be 20 and 90 cm, respectively. Also, the ground vibrations at 8 m and 13 m distances away from the blast-hole were simulated to be 17.2 mms-1 and 9.27 mms-1, respectively. Amongst the empirical correlations used, Ash correlation (1963) revealed a radial crack length of 110 cm, and Essen et al. (2003) evaluated a crushed zone radius of 19 cm, indicating more accurate estimations. This study indicates that the numerical analysis used is capable of presenting acceptable accuracy.

Part 4 of Ghomroud tunnel is located in the Sanandaj-Sirjan geological zone. In this area, due to the existence of numerous faults, crushed zones and significant development of major and minor catchments, the tunnel has been encountered with the risk of groundwater influx. On the other hand, due to some limitations such as thick(up to 600 meters in some localities)overburden over the tunnel and the lack of exploratory drilling down to the tunnel level, it has been difficult to forecast and estimate the groundwater flow in the tunnel route. Due to the existence of numerous faults in part 4 of the Ghomroud tunnel ,encountering of the drilling machine (Double Shield TBM) with high-pressure water could cause influx of large amounts of water into the tunnel and collapse of rock masses in the crushed zones. It hence could cause deviation of the machine and drilling stop. In this article, the lack of data from boreholes led us to try investigating the development of groundwater flow in the tunnel based on geomorphological evidence. Analytical modeling and geomorphological field survey in the area show a relative consistency between geomorphology and volume of water flowing in the tunnel excavation. Therefore, according to measurements conducted on the water entering the tunnel, about 80 liters per second of water flowed into the tunnel, which is in agreement with geomorphological studies. Results show that the study of morphology and surface features could provide useful information in order to identify more precisely the hydrogeologic conditions of the area.

The Miocene sediments in Neyriz region crop out in Zagros Crushed Zone, between Zagros Main Fault and Zagros Ophiolite Zone. For paleoenvironmental studies of these sediments, two stratigraphic sections (Kuh-e Asaki and Horgan sections) have been measured and sampled. The thicknesses of these two sections are 424 and 440 m respectively and contain red and green sandstone, conglomerate and marl which are bounded unconformably between the Jahrum Formation and Bakhtiari conglomerate. Based on the field and petrographic studies, 14 sedimentary facies related to proximal, mid fan-delta; transition zone, delta slope and prodelta have been recognized for the Miocene succession. Due to the slope facies formed by the turbidity currents, grain fall and debris flows, the coarse grained clasts and poorly sorted texture, a fan-delta model is suggested for the succession. Also, the development of the slope facies indicates a paleo-slope and slope-type, deep-water fan-delta. The frequent intra-formational disconformities, irregular changes in grain size and present of gravity flows indicate an active tectonic sedimentary basin and reflux of coarse grained sediments (catastrophic events) to the proximal parts of Zagros Basin.

Allochthonous masses are common structures in Zagros fold-thrust belt. They are generally considered as collapse structures formed by the influence of gravity and in rock units with competency contrast. However, large allochthonous masses mapped in Dowgonbadan area in Dezful Embayment near the Mountain Front Fault (MFF) of Zagros show characteristics different from the belt common collapse structures. In this paper, the influences of both gravity and thrusting on development of these masses are presented. Evidences such as the volume of the masses, the greater spacing between the masses and their origin, and the occurrence of crushed zone on the base of the masses are considered as criteria to separate these masses from common collapse structures and are classified as thrust related collapse structures. Thus, thrust faults as well as gravity are proposed as the main features controling the development of these types of collapse structures in the Zagros.

In rock engineering practice, understanding the most effective parameters and their relationships is important in order to obtain an optimum engineering design. The applications of rock engineering system (RES) in the analysis of complicated rock engineering processes have been widespread. In this method, the main parameters are located along the diagonal of the matrix, and their interactions are quantified by assigning values in the off-diagonal elements. Then, this matrix is used to assess the amount of cause and effect of each parameter within the whole system. In this paper, a rock engineering systems is constructed where the coding of the matrix is made using fuzzy mathematics. This system is used to analyze the stability of the water transmit tunnel of Seymareh Dam within the crushed zone of Graben rocks. The results are compared to those of the rock mass classification systems. It is observed that the bedding and falts are the two major factors of instability. Using the new method, the Graben rock is classified in group III, i.e. moderately stable rock, which is close to what predicted using rock classification system.

The study area of this research is located in the geological zone of Sanandaj, Sirjan. In this area, numerous tectonic movements have caused a lot of faults, crushed zones and numerous fractures in the rock masses. In the Site studies of the 3rd and 4th tunnel sections of ghomroud, subplane studies have been limited and the findings from exploratory boreholes have not led to the identification of subsurface conditions in critical areas. The adverse geological conditions have caused TBM stops and long-delayed delays (about 600 days of complete stop) in the drilling process. Faults zones are main effective causes of the TBM stops. In this study, with a two-dimensional ainversion of resistivity data,, the potential of geophysical studies of the design for the identification of subsurface conditions in the drilling pathway has been investigated. Based on the results of two-dimensional analysis, the distribution of geological layers based on their specific resistance is presented. There are several zones with a very low specific resistance to the tunnel route, which is in accordance with the location of crushed and fault zones, as well as lithological changes in the drilling path. Two-dimensional processing of resistance data provides the possibility of obtaining relevant information on subterranean conditions that could be used in the stage of site studies (Locating of exploration borehole and ...) as well as in the implementation of the tunnel

The Mahour exploration area is a polymetallic system containing copper, zinc and silver. The mineralization can be seen in two forms of veins and disseminations. This area is structurally within the Lut block, west of Deh-salm Village. Recent exploration work and studies carried out by geologists on this volcanic-plutonic area of Lut demonstate its importance indicating new reserves of copper, gold, and lead and zinc. Several articles have been published on the Mahour deposit in recent years, including work on fluid inclusions (Mirzaei et al., 2012a; Mirzaei et al., 2012b). The present report aims at completion of previous studies on Mahour. During the course of this research, the IP/RS geophysical methods were used to locate the extent and depth of sulfide veins in order to locate drill sites. The IP/RS method has been used extensively worldwide in locating sulfide mineralization at deposits such as Olympic Dam in Australia (Esdale et al., 1987), Hishikari epithermal gold deposit in Kagoshima, Japan (Okada, 1995) and Cadia-Ridgeway copper and gold deposit in New South Wales, Australia (Rutley et al., 2001). 1. Determination of mineralogy of ore and alteration by examination of 70 thin sections and 45 polished sections. 2. Compilation of geological and mineralization maps of the studied area at a scale of 1:1000. 3. Geological, alteration, mineralization and trace element geochemical studies of 6 drill holes. 4. IP/RS measurements for 2585 points on a rectangular grid with profile intervals of 50 meters and electrode intervals of 20 meters. 5. Interpretation of IP/RS results. The Mahour area is covered by a volcanic sequence of basalt, andesite, dacite, rhyolite and pyro-clastics. During the Late Eocene through Early Oligocene this volcanic complex was intruded by several diorite and quartz-diorite bodies, which were responsible for mineralization of the area. Mineralized veins hosted by dacite show NNE trends with 85 t0 90° dips, and which are accompanied by argillic, silicic, quartz-sericite-pyrite and propylitic alteration zones. The primary minerals include pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, tetrahedrite, and quartz along with supergene minerals such as malachite, atacamite, azurite and goethite. High anomalies of copper (up to 103062 ppm), zinc (up to 213520 ppm) and silver (up to 1988 ppm) are present in the studied area. The IP/RS surveys were carried out on profiles perpendicular to the veins. The chargeability levels reached 40 msce, indicating the presence of sulfide minerals in the area. Two especially anomalous resistivity zones, high and low, were detected within the deposit. The high resistivity zone, up to 350 ohm.m, occurs along geophysical profiles in association with less-crushed zones, whereas the low anomaly zone is related to highly crushed zones. The geophysical anomalies agree with drilling results indicating zones of highest mineralization. Generally, the chargeability surveys have clearly revealed two anomalous zones: one in the northeast and the other in the southwest of the studied area. Six holes have been drilled through these anomalous zones and geochemical samples taken at intervals of 1 meter in each hole. Most of the anomalies are associated with quartz-sericite-pyrite, silicification and chloritic alteration as well as the intense distribution of secondary iron oxides. Geochemical results from the drill holes show the highest anomalies as follows: GBH-1, 78-92 m, 246-281 m GBH-3 20-40 m and 133-152 m GBH-7 20-32 m and 57-65m PB-1 85-94 m. and 133-140 m PD-1. 50-55 m, 298-301 m and 360-365 m PA-1 48-57 m, 152-161 m and 212-218 m

The Zagros suture zone is one of Key regions. Continent - Continent collision between Arabian plate and Iranian Block. This region is coincided by High Zagros and Zagros Simply Fold Zones in Western side and in other side is the Sanandaj- Sirjan Zone. The region of this research in situated in Northern part of suture zone. The Zagros suture is oriented parallel to the other collision Structures as passive and active margins of Neo- Tethys Basin and also to Magmatic Arc (Urmiyeh - Dokhtar Arc).The main Faults in this region which we can mention by name are Zagros Main Thrust Fault and Zagros Main Recent Fault, Which they are also parallel to others structures. This region of suture zone in highly deformed and structures as folds, faults and nappes are the evident of a long compression Tectonics. The aim of this research firstly is analysing of folds and secondly is calculation of shortening rate of crust in this part of collision Zone. Three structural section (Eslam Abad- e- Gharb - Mahidasht, Kamyaran and Gazorkhani) have been balanced and the rate of shortening which is obtained respectively is 6252m , 6530m and 2040m.

The Behabad region is located within a tectono–sedimentary zone in southeast Yazd province, Central Iran. The tectonic activities have deformed and faulted the Mesozoic and Quaternary formations in this area. The faults in Kuhbanan and Behabad have played a key role in the evolution of geological events, mineralization, and the formation of Behabad–Kuhbanan horst. These faults have separated the Posht-e-Badam block from the Tabas block and the Behabad zone from the Abdoghi–Ravar tectonic zone, respectively. Remote-sensing techniques and field observations show that the Pb–Zn veins share similar trends with the structures. The compressional system induced by the activities of the Behabad-1 and 2 fault systems have caused the formation of thrusts, drag, and sigmoidal folds, the North Behabad horst, and shear zones containing Pb–Zn mineralization. The Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposits and strata band mineralization types are present in the study area. In terms of the temporal phase controller, it is consistent with the tectonic-magmatic model of the Late Paleozoic–Triassic period; in terms of the spatial controller, mineralization is situated in the tectonic–metallogeny province of Central Iran and the ore deposits that mainly follow the geometry of the thrust faults’ crushed zones. The thrust fault that drives the dolomite unit over the limestone is the main cause of the ore solutions migration. According to the MVT mineralization and the correlation between structures and mineralization, the sulfide deposits can be potentially found at the base of the Permo–Triassic units in the studied area. There are several active and non-active Zn–Pb mines such as Abheydar, Rikalaghi, and Tapesorkh.