An experiment with a 33 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with 450 day-old broilers was conducted to study the effect of energy level and time of change from starter to finisher diets on performance and economic aspects of broilers. Broiler chickens were fed at three levels of dietary energy (2800, 3000, and 3200 KcalME/Kg) from 1-42 days of age. Starter and finisher diets were changed at 16, 21, and 26 days of age and then finisher diets were fed up to 42 days of age. The effect of diet energy and changing time from starter to finisher diets on body weight and feed conversion at 26 days of age were significant (P<0.01). By increasing energy level and changing time from starter to finisher diets, at this age, body weight increased and feed conversion ratio decreased. Energy conversion decreased by decreasing the levels of energy content of diet and increasing time of change from starter to finisher diets (P<0.01). At 42 days of age, the effects of diet energy and changing time from starter to finisher diets did not show any significant effects on feed and energy conversion in contrast, body weight at this age increased significantly as a result of increasing time of change from starter to finisher diets (P<0.05). From 1-42 days of age, the interaction between diet energy and changing time from starter to finisher diets on feed and energy conversion was significant (P<0.05). The results from this study suggest that increasing diet energy and changing time from starter to finisher diets for producing broilers with less than 2 kg will improve their general performance.

To evaluate the protein and energy requirement of orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides fingerlings, nine experimental diets including 3 levels of crude protein (40%, 50% and 60%) and 3 levels of digestible energy (DE, 14, 16 and 18KJ.g-1), were tested. Triplicate 300 L circular tanks provided with flow-through water system (2L. min-1) and air stone and each stocked with 20 juvenile of grouper fish (16.79±0.4g) were applied to adopt an experimental test for 8-weeks rearing period. The stocked fishes were fed experimental diets to approximate satiation, twice a day. Results showed that the survival rate, hepatosomatic index (HSI) and condition factor (CF) were independent of the dietary treatments, but final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate(SGR), feed efficiency (FE), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and daily feed intake (DFI) were significantly affected by protein and digestible energy levels (P<0.05). Diet 5 (50%CP and 16KJ.g-1 DE) was the preferred among the tested diets and resulted in the best growth performance, feed and protein efficiency and nutrient utilization among the examined diets. DFI was the lowest for diet with the highest protein (60%) and energy (18KJ.g-1). Apparent net protein utilization (ANPU) varied insignificantly (P>0.05) between the treatments. viscerosomatic index(VSI) increased significantly with the increasing of diet energy level. Body lipid, ash and moisture contents were affected by dietary protein and energy levels. Body lipid content increased with increasing dietary energy levels, but carcass ash and moisture decreased. Body protein content was not affected by dietary energy level, but significantly increased when protein increased from 40% to 50% at same energy levels (P<0.05). The study revealed that fingerlings of orange-spotted grouper, E. coioides showed highest growth performance when fed diet containing 50% crude protein, 16KJ.g-1 digestible energy with the P/DE ratio, of 31.25mg/kJ.

In this study 60 Arian male chickens for six weeks were used in a completely randomized block to evaluate the effect of three dietary energy level on performance and prevention ascites. Diets energy levels were: as catalog; 100 and 150 kcal lower in starter and grower and finisher periods; 200 kcal and 300 kcal lower in starter and grower that catalog respectively. During the experiment, body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality rate and production index were determined. Hematocrit and blood parameters were measured at 35 days of age. At the end of the experiment, carcass characteristics and the right ventricle (RV) weight and total ventricle (TV) weight ratios were determined and compared. Reducing dietary energy level was increased body weight gain and feed intake (P

Diet components are one of the determination factors for changing of morphology of small intestines which lead to a change in digestien and absorption of nutritiond subs tonces.To study the histomorphometric changes of small intestine due to hull- less barley food diets in poultry, 20, of 70 weeks old healthy Road Island Red cocks were selected and divided equally into 2 experimental groups and fed with hull less barley, and commonly usual diet (control). Feeding was gradually and by adding the experimental food to the commonly used diet through one week. At the end of the week, all animals starved for 24 hrs and then fed with experimental diets for following week. At the end all animals were weighted and sacrificed after 24 hrs of starving. excreta viscosity and crude diet energy, crude excreta energy and metabolisable energy were measured and the data were analyzed using Duncan method. transverse sections from small intestine were successively cut with 2cm intervals and fixed with 10% buffered formalin. Routine histological laboratory methods were used and sections were studied under light microscope. Heights and width of the villi and dept of the crypts and goblet cells number were measured. Data's were statistically analyzed by ANOVA test. Results showed: increasing in viscosity, increasing the villus heights (p<0.001), villus width (p=0.002) and crypt depth (p<0.001) and number of goblet cells (p<0.001) in jejunum, decreasing in height of the villi (p<0.001) and increasing in crypt dept (p<0.001) and goblet cells number (p=0.04) in the duodenum and increasing of the crypt dept (p=0.004) in the ileum were observed respected to the control.

Introduction The terms of fat and oil refer to triglycerides of several profiles of fatty acids. Fatty acids that are not bound to other organic components as glycerol are the so-called free fatty acids. Lipids constitute the main energetic source for animals and they have the highest caloric value among all the nutrients. Linoleic acid is the only fatty acid whose dietetic requirement has been demonstrated. Besides supplying energy, the addition of fat to animal diets improves the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, increases diet palatability, and the efficiency of utilization of the consumed energy. Furthermore, it reduces the rate of food passage through the gastrointestinal tract, which allows a better absorption of all nutrients present in the diet. The energetic value of oils and fats depend on the following: the length of the carbonic chain, the number of double bonds, the presence or absence of ester bonds (triglycerides or free fatty acids), the specific arrangements of the saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on the glycerol backbone, the composition of the free fatty acid, the composition of the diet, the quantity and the type of the triglycerides supplemented in the diet, the intestinal flora, the sex and the age of the birds.
Dietary energy is one of the major effective nutrient, representing high percent of total cost of the diets for broilers. Diet energy has important effects on the regulation of the amount feed intake and performance in broilers. Fats are the main sources of energy in broiler diets. Different research showed that the advantages of fats especially in low energy diets.
Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted as a (2*2*2) factorial arrangement including 2 fat sources (tallow fat and canola oil), 2 levels of fat (3% and 6%), and two levels of diet metabolizable energy (2900 and 3100 Kcal.Kg) with 432 Ross-308 broilers in 8 treatments, 4 replicates and 12 chicks in each replicate in two experiment period (grower from 11 to 24 days and finisher from 25 to 42 days) in a completely randomized design. Chicks were fed from 1 to 10 days with a common starter diet that recommended by Ross company. During experiment periods all birds had free access to water and feed. Measuring of weight gain and feed intake were done at the end of experimental periods and feed conversion ratio was calculating by dividing the amount of feed intake to the amount of weight gain. Carcass traits were measured at the end experiment period by killing 2 birds from each replicate. Blood sampling was done at the end of experimental period.
Results and Discussion At the end of experimental period, using canola oil in contrast to beef tallow reduced the amount of daily feed intake, whereas improved the feed conversion ratio, final weight and production index (P0.05). Diet with 3100 Kcal.Kg ME caused the amount of weight gain and production index increase and feed conversion improve (P0.05). Interaction between fat sources, fat level and energy level, using 3% and 6% of canola oil increased the amounts of daily feed intake, daily weight gain and final weight and feed conversion ratio improved (P0.05). Diet with beef tallow increased the amount of HDL in blood (PConclusion The overall results showed that in broilers, using diet with 3100 Kcal/Kg metabolizable energy and canola oil up to 6% have positive results in broilers, but using more than 3% tallow have negative effect on broiler performance.

Obesity is one of the most important problems in the world. Suitable low calorie diets are among the best ways for weight loss. The aim of this study was to determine the effects and comparison of two kinds of low-calorie diets on weight loss. Seventy- six health women (20-55 yrs old) were randomly divided into two groups for 3 months: 39 subjects in standard diet group (SD) (carbohydrate 55%, fat 30%, protein 15%), and 37 persons in high protein-low fat diet group (HPD) (carbohydrate 55%, fat 20%, protein 25%). Energy intake was 1000 kcal less than the daily needs in the two groups. In the beginning and at the end of each month the subjects were visited and food diet energy was adjusted. In the beginning and finally BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist to hip ratio were measured. BMI decreased 4. 43±0.96 v. s 4. 15±0.76 in SD and HPD groups, respectively. The amount of weight loss was 10. 89 2.04 in SD and 10. 48 1.73 in HPD. Waist to hip ratio decreased 0. 02±0.014 v. s 0. 018±0. 014 in SD and HPD, respectively. For all variables there was no significant difference between two groups. Both low calorie diets (SD and HPD) decreased weight and other obesity indices. Therefore, HPD may be a suitable substitution for standard diet.

Effects of partial docking on feedlot performance and body fat characteristics were studied in a fat-tailed sheep breed. Thirty-eight male lambs with an average weight of 4.44 ± 0.48 were randomly divided into two groups. The lambs in one group were partially docked at 3-4 h after birth, using rubber rings, and the lambs in another group remained intact (control). After weaning, 20 male lambs from each group were divided into two subgroups; one subgroup was fed with a normal dietary energy level (2.45 Mcal/kg ME) and the other subgroup received a high-energy diet (2.73 Mcal/kg ME) for 84 days. The lambs were fed individually. At the end of the fattening period, the lambs were slaughtered for determination of carcass characteristics. Warm carcass weight (WCW) and fat depth at the12th rib was recorded. At 24 h postmortem, samples of omental fat (for chemical analysis), and caudal fat were taken from chilled (4°C) carcasses for the determination of fatty acid (FA) composition. No significant difference was observed for the weight gain between docked and control lambs during the suckling period. During the fattening period, docked lambs as well as lambs on high level of energy diet showed better weight gain (P 0.05) was observed for WCW and fat depth at the 12th rib between docked and control lambs, but WCW was significantly affected by the diet energy density (P

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of acetic acid and diet energy on productive performance and intestinal microflora in 216 day-old broiler chicks. Chicks were divided to 2 parts and each part was split into 9 groups (12 birds) after six days. The first and second parts of chicks were fed by control (N) and high energy (H) diet, respectively. Each of the amounts of 0 (A0), 0.7(A0.7) and 1.4 (A1.4) acetic acid were added to diets of three groups of both parts in 3 replicates. A bird of each group in the day 18, 28 and 38 was slaughtered and its ileosecal contents were picked. CFU/g of Coliforms, E. coli and lactobacillus of samples were determined. The results showed that the lowest feed conversion ratio was achieved by 1.4% acetic acid (P<0.05). There was intraction effect of time and acetic acid on CFU/g of Coliforms and E. coli (P<0.05). On day 38, CFU/g of Coliforms obtained by 0.7 and 1.4 % acetic acid was lower than 0% acetic acid (P<0.05). CFU/g of E. coli with 0.7 % acetic acid, achieved on day 28 was higher than on day 38 (P<0.05). The lowest CFU/g of lactobacillus was obtained with 0% acetic acid (P<0.05). Conclusion, the addition of acetic acid up to 1.4% to diet of broilers can improve feed conversion ratio, enhance the growth of lactobacilli and prevent the growth of Coliforms and E. coli in the digestive contents.

Pre-pubertal nutrition managements are considered essential for animal health, optimizing production and reproductive performance in livestock.
In this study, the effects of dietary low and high energy and protein provisions on body growth, blood metabolites and inherent safety index were investigated in pre-pubertal Kurdish female lambs.
We fed 40 healthy Kurdish female lambs (30±8.6 days old and weighing 10.2±3.4 kg) were randomly divided into one of two experimental diets in pre-weaning period: high energy and protein (HEP, 2.50 Mcal ME/kg dry matter (DM) and 148 g CP/kg DM) or low energy and protein (LEP, 2.02 Mcal ME/kg DM and 87 g CP/kg DM). At the time of weaning, one half of lambs from each group was randomly separated and assigned to HEP or LEP. So there were four treatment groups in post-weaning period: H-H (HEP pre- and post-weaning); H-L (HEP pre-weaning and LEP post-weaning); L-H (LEP pre-weaning and HEP post-weaning) and L-L (LEP pre and post-weaning, control group). Treatment effects on dry matter intake, milk intake, serum metabolite profiles, inherent safety index and growth were examined.
Pre-pubertal plane were significantly affected above mention parameters at post- weaning period (P It has been observed that diet energy and protein and body energy reserves are much important regulators of growth and health indicators in Kurdish female lambs.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of different levels of yeast and monensin in high concentrate diets on the ruminal fermentation parameters by in vitro gas production method and protein degradability by in situ nylon bag technique. Experimental treatments included control diet (75% concentrate and 25% alfalfa) and supplemented control with three levels of yeast (2.5, 5, and 7.5 g per kg dry matter of diet) and three levels of monensin (15, 30, and 45 mg per kg dry matter of diet). The results showed that the addition of yeast in contrast to monensin resulted in a significant increase in cumulative gas production and the potential of gas production (b) (P<0.05). Ammonia nitrogen content was significantly decreased by adding different levels of monensin compared with the control treatment (P<0.05). Also, the average of short-chain fatty acids was significantly increased by adding yeast compared with the control treatment and different levels of monensin (P<0.05). The rumen degradable protein and its fractional degradation rate were significantly reduced by monensin supplementation (P<0.05). Based on the results of this study it can be suggested that the addition of 5 g yeast and 30 mg monensin (per kg DM) in high concentrate diets can improve ruminal fermentability and organic matter digestibility of feed and increase the accessibility of animal to diet energy.