There were many natural pharmaceutical dosage forms cited by Persian pharmacists and physicians in the historical pharmacopeias (Qarabadins). This work aimed to perform a comprehensive study on “Qarābādin-e-Sālehi” (1765 A.D.), one of the main Persian pharmaceutical manuscripts defining traditional dosage forms. All traditional dosage forms as well as their definitions, descriptions and considerations were extracted by reviewing “Qarābādin-e-Sālehi”. Then, the textbook of “Aulton's Pharmaceutics; the design and manufacture of medicines” was considered to compare the medieval knowledge of pharmaceutics with current ones. Overall, there were 226 different dosage forms which have been cited in traditional Persian pharmacy. Since many of them were related to the preparation method, the final list of dosage form was shortened to nearly 60 items including solid, semisolid, liquid and gaseous forms. On the other hand, almost 40 forms with oral, topical, nasal, parenteral, vaginal and rectal routes of administration are mentioned as current dosage forms. Some of the dosage forms are similar or as the same in traditional and current pharmacy. But, there were too many novel dosage forms in traditional Persian pharmacy. There were 11 types of traditional nasal forms whereas, this route is still known as a novel route of administration. Also 5 different ophthalmic dosage forms have been cited in the textbook. Many of traditional dosage forms were designed according to the medical purposes. Several current dosage forms have roots in the historical definitions and can be found in Persian medicine. However, there are forgotten traditional dosage forms which can be modified and optimized in pharmacy nowadays.

Various dosage forms have been introduced in Iranian Traditional Pharmaceutical Pharmacopoeias. One important category of these dosage forms because of local and systemic efficacy was intra vaginal and intra rectal dosage forms.. The aim of this study is the investigation about Iranian Traditional Pharmaceutical dosage forms of vaginal and rectal medications.. A wide-ranging search in main Iranian Traditional Pharmacy text books and web engines performed to introduce vaginal and rectal dosage forms in Iranian Traditional Pharmacy.. Most common vaginal and rectal dosage forms mentioned in Iranian Traditional Pharmacy documents include vaginal or rectal fumigation (Bakhoor), vaginal or rectal cotton-load (Hamool), vaginal or rectal wick (Fateelah), vaginal pessary (Forzajah), vaginal or rectal suppository (Shiaf), vaginal or rectal enema (Hoghnah), penis fossa drop (Ghatoor) and vaginal or rectal oil (Dohn). All of them are applied for treatment of vaginal or rectal illnesses or systemic disorders.. Evaluation of Iranian Traditional Dosage Forms like vaginal and rectal types could be an attractive topic of research and the current study can briefly represent the Iranian Traditional Pharmaceutical knowledge on vaginal and rectal drug delivery..Keywords:

Context: Oral administration of drugs remains the most common and preferred route for many active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). However, solid oral dosage forms may be limited for patients who have swallowing problems or fear of choking. Furthermore in the case of solid dosage forms, disintegration and dissolution of dosage forms are rate limiting steps mostly for hydrophobic drug's absorption and bioavailability. Liquid oral dosage forms such as syrups, emulsions or suspensions may be used to overcome these disadvantages but higher costs of their production and larger volume and dimensions of their packaging along with the lower precision in dose intake make the liquid oral dosage form less acceptable for patients and pharmaceutical industries.
Evidence Acquisition: In order to merge the advantages of both solid and liquid oral dosage forms, fast dissolving drug delivery systems have been developed over the years. The current review aimed to discuss the pros and cons of different preparations of oral fast dissolving dosage forms including tablets, films and nanofibers.
Fast dissolving dosage forms rapidly dissolve in mouth without the need for additional liquid or chewing, providing ease of use for consumers, a fast absorption of drug, quick onset of action, and improved bioavailability. Various technologies to fabricate these dosage forms such as lyophilization, spray drying, solvent casting, hot melt extrusion, compaction and electrospinning are also addressed.
Fast dissolving drug delivery systems are the promising approach in oral drug delivery systems, which can provide patient compliance especially in case of pediatrics and geriatrics. They can also lead to quick action of drugs and enhanced bioavailability.

Propranolol, a prototypical b-adrenergic receptor antagonist and atenolol, a cardio-selective b-antagonist are widely used in therapeutic regimens for treatment of hypertensive patients. In Iran, several pharmaceutical manufacturers formulate these two b-blockers. As the formulation of a dosage form is essential for the patient's safety and drug efficacy, in this study we aimed to evaluate the quality of the tablets which are formulated by the above manufacturers. Atenolol (100 mg) tablet manufactured by APOTEX in Canada also was evaluated. The commercially available preparations of the following dosage forms were studied: propranolol (10 mg, 40 mg) manufactured by TOLID DARU and ROSE DARU (a, b, c, d), atenolol (50 mg) manufactured by DARUPAKHSH (e), atenolol (100 mg) manufactured by DARUPAKHSH, TOLID DARU, SOBHAN, LORESTAN and APOTEX (f, g, h, i, j). The quality and safety of the dosage forms of these drugs were evaluated by PMS studies. For this purpose, the weight variation, hardness, thickness, content assay, content uniformity, disintegration time and dissolution rate of the dosage forms were compared to British Pharmacopeia (BP) and United States Pharmacopeia (USP) standards. The results verify that all dosage forms show evidence of the USP and BP quality assessment.

Over one hundred different pharmaceutical dosage forms have been recorded in literatures of Traditional Persian Medicine among which nasal forms are considerable.. This study designed to derive the most often applied nasal dosage forms together with those brief clinical administrations.. In the current study remaining pharmaceutical manuscripts of Persia during 9th to 18th century AD have been studied and different dosage forms related to nasal application of herbal medicines and their therapeutic effects were derived.. By searching through pharmaceutical manuscripts of medieval Persia, different nasal dosage forms involving eleven types related to three main groups are found. These types could be derived from powder, solution or liquid and gaseous forms. Gaseous form were classified into fumigation (Bakhoor), vapor bath (Enkebab), inhalation (Lakhlakheh), aroma agents (Ghalieh) and olfaction or smell (Shomoom). Nasal solutions were as drops (Ghatoor), nasal snuffing drops (Saoot) and liquid snuff formulations (Noshoogh). Powders were as nasal insufflation or snorting agents (Nofookh) and errhine or sternutator medicine (Otoos). Nasal forms were not applied only for local purposes. Rather systemic disorders and specially CNS complications were said to be a target for these dosage forms.. While this novel type of drug delivery is known as a suitable substitute for oral and parenteral administration, it was well accepted and extensively mentioned in Persian medical and pharmaceutical manuscripts and other traditional systems of medicine as well. Accordingly, medieval pharmaceutical standpoints on nasal dosage forms could still be an interesting subject of study. Therefore, the current work can briefly show the pharmaceutical knowledge on nasal formulations in medieval Persia and clarify a part of history of traditional Persian pharmacy.

Crystallization is often employed for purifying a drug substance in pharmaceutical industry and, in addition, plays an important role in defining the stability and drug release properties of the final dosage forms. Advances of chemical synthesis have achieved control over drug identity and purity, but control over the physical form and crystallinity remains poor. It should be considered that even minor change in crystallization condition can produce significant change in the crystal and powder physical properties such as particle size, shape, and defect structure. These effects have been recognized as the major batch-to-batch and source variation problems leading to inconsistency of the final dosage forms properties. The purpose of this review is to indicate the importance of physical properties of the crystals and their roles in the performance of dosage forms.

Pharmacology is one of the specific courses of the medical sciences students. Multiplicity of drugs and a lot of similarities in their characteristics make the learning of this lesson difficult and no common methods of teaching have been able to fix this problem so far. This study aimed to examine the effect of observing the dosage forms appropriate to each training session on enhancing learning pharmacology and comparing it with other traditional teaching methods. Fifty six Health Care Management and Family Health students in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences participated in this descriptive study. Each session was held using lectures and PowerPoint during half of educational classes and the other half was conducte d using whiteboard and at the same time the teaching pharmaceutical dosage forms, their functions and properties were shown. A standardized questionnaire based on Likert scale was given to the students and the level of learning was reviewed by self-assessment method. The data were analyzed using SPSS and descriptive statistical parameters. Teaching pharmacology through showing pharmaceutical dosage forms had significant effect on improving students learning in both fields based on their self-assessment, so that more than 95%of students were satisfied with the teaching methods. From point view of students, the understanding of pharmacology using whiteboard and showing pharmaceutical dosage forms was significantly more than PowerPoint. The students believe that the level of the learning pharmacology through using whiteboard along with observing the dosage forms appropriate to each training session is outstanding.

Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant widely used in the treatment of epilepsy. No peculiar chromophore is available on the gabapentin moiety for direct analysis by absorption spectrophotometry. A sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of gabapentin in bulk, pharmaceutical formulations and human plasma has been developed. In this method, gabapentin directly derivatized with vanillin and analyzed without any extraction in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form and in plasma samples, it was extracted with a reversed-phase solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge followed by derivatization with vanillin. Analysis was performed by a spectrophotometer system. The quantitation limit of gabapentin in human plasma was 0.8 mg/L. The method was linear over the concentration range of 10.0–90.0 mg/L and 0.8–10.0 mg/L for pharmaceutical dosage form and plasma, respectively. The method was precise (relative standard deviation, RSD <1.20%) and accurate (relative mean error <5.5%) for both pharmaceutical dosage form and plasma samples. Mean absolute recoveries were 94.5% for plasma.

Terpenes are active constituents of many pharmaceutical dosage forms with naturalproducts origin. One of the challenges in developing dosage forms with herbal originis their standardization as pharmaceutical products. GC-Mass is the most decisive andreliable technique to fulfill the requirements in this regard. In the present study, a reliable,rapid, and accurate method was developed for determination of 7 monoterpenoids in twoselected pharmaceutical dosage forms (rowatinex and rowachol soft gelatin capsules) by gaschromatography-mass spectrometry triple quadrupole selected ion monitoring GC/MS-TQSIM.The method was validated for various parameters such as precision, linearity, accuracy,solution stability, limit of detection, and quantification. The average recovery of terpens wasin the range of 91.6-105.7%. The method was proved to be repeatable with RSD in the rangeof 0.28-11.18 for all of the concentration levels. The developed method is simple, rapid, andsensitive and was applied for determination of alpha pinene, camphene, beta pinene, cineol,fenchone, borneol, trans-anethol and menthol in a few batches of rowachol and rowatinexcapsules purchased from local drug stores.

Drug creation based on synthesized azomethine derivatives of gossypol is of great interest with glycyrrhizic acid. Studies have shown that, in combination with glycyrrhizic acid, their solubility increases, these increasing the bioavailability of both the substance and its dosage form. We studied the degree of hydrolyzed megosin with MASGA, called megaferon and dosage form on its basis in the form of a 3% ointment with a pereeterifikat containing surfactant.