The issue of illicit drugs and their supply is one of the social problems of the country imposing negative security, social, economic and moral burden on societies. Therefore; severe tackle with supply of illicit drugs together with implementing control measures at borders; dedicating some camps for maintaining drug distributors; equipping check points with electronic, technical and intelligence devices; developing the center of drug sniffing dogs seem to be inevitable. Due to bad economic situation, imposed sanctions, non-consistency of job opportunities with growth of educated youth population, absence of preventive regulations, lack of an integrated procedure in judicial system to deal with the issue, added value of illicit drugs and huge profits gained from supply and trade of illicit drugs & chemical precursors in recent few years have caused a raise in the number of drug distributors in cities; hence, drug related offenders compose a considerable percentage of imprisoned population.

The importance of supply chains in pharmacological industry is remarkable so that nowadays many pharmacological supply chains have an effective and critical role for supplying and distributing drugs in health area. So, this study studies a three-echelon pharmacological supply chain contained multi-distributor of raw materials, a pharmaceutical factory, and multi-drug distributors companies such that distributors of raw material, order raw materials of some drugs to own suppliers and sell them to the pharmaceutical factory. Then it transmutes raw materials to the several finished products and sells them to the some drug distributors companies. There are several types of raw materials and finished products.
Here, it is supposed that the market powers of partners are different. So, the Stackelberg game among the members of the chain is deemed to analyze the coordination behavior of the members of the proposed chain. The aim of the research is to maximize the total profit of supply chain by employing the optimal pricing and ordering decision policies where the order quantities of the distributors and the selling prices of pharmaceutical factory (manufacturer) and the distributors are the decision variables. Besides, the closed form solutions of the decision variables are presented. At the end, numerical example and some sensitivity analysis are presented.

The aim of this study was to explain the disciplinary challenges in preventing addiction by countering the distribution of industrial narcotics in Kermanshah.

The present study was applied in terms of purpose and qualitative-quantitative in terms of methodology and nature. The statistical population in qualitative section included NAJA experts in Kermanshah province, and in quantitative section included the employees of Kermanshah police stations. Among them, a sample of 112 people was selected based on Cochran formula. In qualitative section, data were analyzed using the content analysis technique and in the quantitative section, they were analyzed using inferential statistical methods.

Based on qualitative findings, 10 intra-organizational and 12 extra-organizational challenges were identified. In the quantitative and final part of the research also 10 intra-organizational challenges and 12 extra-organizational challenges were confirmed, and the most important challenges were the agentschr('39') inability to enter and discover drugs due to the use of modern technology by distributors and the lack of cooperation of the organizations involved in countering drug distributors. Also, confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the existence of two factors: intra-organizational challenges and extra-organizational challenges.

The results of the study indicate that the police of Kermanshah can reduce the tendency, access, and demand for drugs by principled planning to eliminate or reduce the identified challenges and successfully fighting against the distributors of industrial narcotics.

Based on each society's judicial, social and economic structures and approaches, the principle of strict liability for producing defective goods has been accepted, without the need to prove the fault of the producer and distributor. In the Iranian legal system, however, liability based on fault is still the dominant judicial approach. However, considering that in today's modern and industrial age and the technological complexity of production and professions, protection of consumer rights is appropriate to accept strict liability. So the tendency of the Iranian legal system to accept pure responsibility in the field of consumer protection in various laws, including regulations on the production and distribution of medicines, is an essential step in building public confidence. To avoid imposing strict liability on the manufacturers and distributors of the pharmaceuticals, they must be produced and distributed safely to consumers; hence, they use them without the fear of harm or danger. Of course, this is associated with legal responsibility and obligation. However, suppose a person is harmed due to the use of a defective drug; in that case, it is necessary to prove the causal relationship between the harm and the defect of the drug.

Today, many successful service organizations and institutions have realized that paying attention to the needs of customers means paying attention to the service quality and providing quality services to customers. The purpose of this study is to analyze the quality of services provided by drug distribution companies to customers in the area covered by the center of Yazd. In the first stage, the needs of customers were identified and categorized into 4 categories based on Kano model: mandatory, functional, exciting and indifferent needs. For this purpose, 184 questionnaires were collected from different customers of pharmaceutical distribution companies. By identifying indifferent needs and removing them from the list of qualitative components, a second survey was conducted to analyze the gap between customer expectations and perceptions. To do this, the Wilcoxon statistical test was used to examine the significance of the gap between customers' expectations and perceptions. In the final stage, by surveying customers' opinions on various areas of service delivery, including drug cartons, distribution services, Internet services, transportation and staff services, and services related to the duration of receiving money from pharmacies, the relationship between them and Qualitative gaps were modelled using an artificial neural network. The results indicate that there is a quality gap between all components of quality, quality dimensions and areas of customer service. This includes components such as the efficiency of the distributer website , the clarity of the customer instructions in the drug distribution companies, the consistency of the customer-requested facilities and the portfolio of facilities provided by the distributer , the fulfilment of the time promised by the distributer to deliver services as well as employee’s empathy in responding sympathetically to the needs of customers are more tangible than other areas.

Liquid distributors are widely used in packed columns. In this work, first, the Moore-Rukovena (1987) and Bilingham-Lockett (1997) theories which are explained the quality of liquid distribution is mentioned, then, the conditions for a good liquid distributor and types of liquid distributor are presented. Finally the distribution of liquid in perforated-pipe liquid distributor is analyzed by CFD simulation. The results of simulation show the high liquid velocity in the right side of distributor, good liquid distribution in center area of perforated-pipe liquid distributor and maldistribution in far from center area.

In a MLM company, distributors whole buy the products and retail to end users out of a fixed commercial location. In addition to margin, they get retail commission for every sale. Also every distributor is able to recruit, train and sponsor new distributors – directly and indirectly- and get a percentage as an overall commission. In this way, there are two contracts between company and distributor in a MLM company. One is sales contract with a fiscal exchanged act condition in implied which contains the products purchase contract by distributor and getting retail commission by selling it to end users. The other is proxy contract whereby distributor (as the company’s proxy) act to recruit, organize, sponsor and train continuously new distributors. In practice it isn’t convened any contract between distributors, but with respecting the way they interact, the governing contract between them which recognized by law, is quasi lease contract.

The narcotic drugs business find its abusement, nowadays, have been one of the most basic political, economic, health, cultural anti-family disorders in almost all over the world. Despite all technologic anti cultural developments, it seems that the tendency and interest of producers, distributors and users of these drugs in all different age levels are growing up increasingly. Unfortunately, this humanity disaster is deeply accessable. Even international statics approve increasing rate of using these drugs despite of all the informing efforts done to prevent people. In some cases, this disorder has put the political, economic and social security of the countries at risk. The international reports dealing with the narcotic drugs abusement, represent no ideal 0r even suitable solution that can be used in a total condition. It is obvious that having basic information and updated one and make it accessable for experts and programmers in reginal and international levels would be of good steps taken against the drugs. This article is considering two international reports about different economic, military and etc. viewpoints of narcotic drugs market which is provided by United Nations Drug Control Programs in order to be of great help of those who are involved with it.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the spatial analysis of drug-related crimes in Iran's provinces.
The statistical population of this study consisted of 31 provinces of the country based on the data of 2015. The model used for datat analysis included Prometheus, Global Moran statistics, and Oval standard deviation.
The provinces of Ilam and Tehran with Phi values of 0.736 and – 0.803 were placed in the best and worst ranks for drug-related offenses, respectively. The spatial analysis of the global Moran model shows that drug traffickers and distributors, addicts and consumers od crystal, cocaine, ampoules, psychedelic pills, and precursors are the indexes that contain randomized distribution model; and the indicators of other substances, grasses, hashish, opium and sap, morphine, heroin, and foreign substances have a cluster distribution pattern. In addition, the results of the oval test indicated a standard deviation from the distribution direction of southeast to northwest.
The assessment and spatial analysis of drug-related crimes showed that border provinces and Tehran as the capital of the country are exposed to drug-related crimes more than other provinces

The Bullwhip effect phenomenon as one of the main causes of reducing the efficiency of supply chain performance occurs when changes in demand fluctuate widely during the supply chain. In the present study, it has been shown that the continuation of the sanctions process in Iran can strengthen the sector of domestic production, but with the reduction of drug imports and the lack of technology and sufficient capacity in the production of Desferrioxamine, the country will face a drug crisis. And people and patients' satisfaction will be greatly reduced. Therefore, in order to improve the situation of drugs and reduce the whip effect in the drug supply chain, four government protection policies for consumers and producers were directly and indirectly examined. The data were evaluated with the help of Wensum software and the results revealed, lowering the price of medicine, increasing the level of people's satisfaction, reducing the whip effect, increasing the profit of supplier, distributor and overall profit of the drug supply chain as policies for improving the current situation.