Drug injection carries with it many risks and therefore it is important tounderstand initiating factors of injection and its origins.Thus purpose of this study was identify of Factors associated with initiation ofinjection drug use among substance abusers. Study method was cross- sectional study. Research Statistics universe constitutes of all People suffering substance dependence disorder with pattern of injection usein Tehran and Hamedan citys. This study conducted among 216 individual with substance dependence disorder that selected from harm reduction centers in Tehran and Hamedan citys, The sampling selection method was simple random.The instruments used fordata collectionwas included: demographic information, patterns of drug use and initiation of injection scales. In this study age average of initiation into injection was 22/5 years, Factors associated with initiation ofdrug injection were, aquired more pleasure,easier use, faster effect of injection, ineffecting previous usemethod, curiosity, peer pressure, lack of availability of the drug, poverty, low quality drugs. Results this study indicated that initiation factors to drug injection is multifaceted (Psychological, Social, Economic and Environmental), Therefore, in injection problem interventionists should be considered all this factors for prevention, treatment and harm reduction.

Jail prisoners with or without drug addiction is an high risk population for affecting of different blood born viral complications like hepatitis type C virus (HBV) infection. Then, in this research the seroepidemiological prevalence of HCV infections and also the possible role of different risk factors of HCV complications were evaluated in jail prisoners of Sharekord. In this investigation, the plasma samples of 600 Sharekord jail prisoners were collected and preserved in -20°C. The prevalence of HCV-Ab was monitored by a third generation ELISA protocol in these plasma samples. The possible role of different HCV risk factors like: sex, marriage, history of drug injection, and types of drug addiction, history of prisonership, history of tattooing, transfusion of blood and blood products, unethical sex relationship, and the knowledge of prisoners from the route of HCV transmission were statically analyzed by SPSS and Instat soft wares. HCV-Ab was diagnosed in seventy six of 600(12.66%) jail prisoners by ELISA method. Also the relationship of HCV infection with different risk factors including: sex, marriage, history of drug injection, and types of drug addiction, history of prisonership, history of tattooing, transfusion of blood and blood products, unethical sex relationship, and the knowledge of prisoners from the route of HCV transmission were as follow: 8.16%, 10.66%, 5.83%, 9.16%, 7.33%, 0.33%, 2.16%, 1.0%, and 10.5%. Significant associations were not detected between HCV infections with sex, marriage, transfusion of blood and blood products, unethical sex relationship and knowledge of prisoners from the route of HCV transmission. But significant associations were detected between HCV infections with history of drug injection, and types of drug addiction, history of prisonership, tattooing, and age grouping. Detection of significant associations between HCV infections with history of drug injection, and types of drug addiction, history of prisonership, tattooing, and age grouping, and diagnosis of insignificant associations between HCV infections with different HCV risk factors and also diagnosis of different prevalence of HCV-Ab in jail prisoners announced the need of completed study in other jail populations.

Background and Objectives This study aims to investigate the therapeutic effects and side effects of intraarticular(IA) and intra-peritoneal (IP) injections of corticosteroids on temporomandibular joint (TMJ)inflammationSubjects and Methods This is a review study that was conducted on related studies published from 1990to 2022 which were searched in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, SID, Magiran andIranMedex using the keywords “temporomandibular joint”, “intra-articular injection”, “corticosteroid”,“adverse effects”, “juvenile arthritis”, “osteoarthritis”, “ Juvenile idiopathic arthritis”,”degenerative jointdisorders”, and “temporomandibular joint disorders”.Results A total of 13 studies met the inclusion criteria. Two studies were related to IP injection, 8 relatedto IA injection, two studies compared the effect of IA and IP drug injection, and one study investigatedthe TMJ arthrocentesis and IP drug injection. In 4 studies, the aim was to compare the effectivness ofcorticosteroids and hyaluronic acid in improving temporomandibular disorders. Nine studies found thatthe use of corticosteroids is beneficial for the treatment of TMJ inflammation, and 7 studies reportedcomplications such as condylar resorption.Conclusion Since the use of corticosteroids in treatment of TMJ disorders is not without complications,there is a need to conduct extensive studies on various drugs with anti-inflammatory effects and lowestside effects to replace them with corticosteroids.

Conducting experiments and investigations, some researchers have tried to prove that mystical and religious experiences can be created through drug injection. W. J. Wainwright distinguishes between theistic and monistic mystical experiences. Assessing research done by Clark, Pahnke-Houston and Masters, he believes that although psychedelic drugs can induce some kind of monistic mystical experience, they cannot produce theistic mystical experiences. There is no significant evidence in the research based on which one can attribute theistic mystical experience to drug injection. Analysis of the research results showed that the drug induced experiences were mainly extroversive and only a small percentage of the experiences were introversive. According to Wainwright, there should be some considerations in scientific explanation of the mystical experiences. First, it seems necessary to pay attention to the object of the experience and to distinguish between different kinds of mystical experiences. This implies that we might not be able to offer a scientific explanation for the object of every experience. Second, one cannot determine the nature of religious and mystical experiences, for such experiences are something internal and thus cannot be measured by external criteria.

Learning as one of the higher functions of the brain is affected by several factors. Anxiety disorders are among the factors result in learning disorders. Considering the side-effects of anxiolytics, this study aimed to compare the effects of buspirone with borage flower extract on learning in adult male rats.
In this experimental study, adult male rats (no=40) were divided into 5 groups: Control, Sham and 3 Experimental groups (Buspirone 5 mg /kg, Borage extracts 150 mg/kg and Buspirone笛歩). All injections were carried out intraperitoneally for 14 days. Conditioned Place Preference was used to assess the learning.
The results of Extract group showed a significant improvement after 7 days of drug injection (P≥0.05). In addition, a significant improvement was observed in Buspirone, Extract and Buspirone Extract groups 14 days after drug injection.
The results of the study showed that the buspirone and the borage augment the learning in rats.

The role of adenosine AI receptors of the nucleus accumbens on amygdala kindled seizures was investigated. All animals were implanted with a triplolar (stimulating and recording) electrode in the amygdala and tow guide cannula in the nucleus accumbens. Animals were kindled by daily electrical stimulating of the amygdala. In the full kindled animals, N6 - cyclohexyladenosine (CHA; 1,5, 10 M), an adenosine AI receptor agonist, was injected bilaterally into the nucleus accumbens. Obtained results showed that CHA at the concentration of 10M reduces the amygdale afterdischarge duration (A-ADD), at 5, 15, 60 and 120 min post drug injection. It also decreased the stage 5 duration (S5D), but reduced the accumbens afterdischarge duration (Acc-ADD), at 15 min post drug injection, and increased the latency of the stage 4 seizure (S4L) at 5 and 15min post drug infusion. In addition, at the concentration of 5 M, the S4L was increased and the SsD was decreased at 5 and 15 min post drug injection. The bilateral injection of 8- cyclopenthyl-l, 3- dimethylxanthine (CPT), an adenosine AI receptor antagonist, at the concentration of 5 M into the nucleus accumbens did not alter the seizure parameters. The intra- nucleus aecubens infusion of CPT (5 M), 5 min before CHA (10 M) blocked the anticonvulsant effects of CHA. These results suggest that the nucleus accumbens has a role in the seizure propagation from the amygdala and it's adenosine AI receptors activity has anticonvulsant effects in amygdala kindled rats.

Prisoners, compared to the general population, are at greater risk of infection. Drug injection is the main route of HIV transmission, in particular in Iran. What would be of interest is to determine variables that govern drug injection among prisoners. However, one of the issues that challenge model building is incomplete national data sets. In this paper, we addressed the process of model development when missing data exist. Complete data on 2720 prisoners was available. A logistic regression model was fitted and served as gold standard. We then randomly omitted 20%, and 50% of data. Missing date were imputed 10 times, applying multiple imputation by chained equations (MICE). Rubin’s rule (RR) was applied to select candidate variables and to combine the results across imputed data sets. In S1, S2, and S3 methods, variables retained significant in one, five, and ten imputed data sets and were candidate for the multifactorial model. Two weighting approaches were also applied. Age of onset of drug use, recent use of drug before imprisonment, being single, and length of imprisonment were significantly associated with drug injection among prisoners. All variable selection schemes were able to detect significance of these variables. We have seen that the performances of easier variable selection methods were comparable with RR. This indicates that the screening step can be used to select candidate variables for the multifactorial model.

People may deny stress to get rid of it. In this case, they tend to exhibit high-risk behaviors. Inability to solve problems and emotional conflicts leads to high-risk behavior in addicts. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between risky behavior history (prison records and drug injection history) and emotion regulation in methamphetamine abusers. In this case-control study, 60 methamphetamine users (13 people with prisons records and 11 people with drug injection history) were selected purposefully from persons who had been admitted to convenient treatment centers (MMT center, addiction treatment camp and self-help groups and Narcotics Anonymous). Demographic data and risky behavior history were gathered. The ‘Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire’ (CERQ) was used to assess emotion regulation. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The findings revealed no significant difference in CERQ subscales between the groups. There was no significant relationship between emotion regulation and risky behavior such as prison records and drug injection history in methamphetamine users.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/ acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a major threat for public health around the world.
This study aimed at investigating the prevalence of HIV/ADIS high risk behaviors and necessity of prevention in the population of Birjand, East of Iran.
This population-based study was conducted on 5235 subjects from Birjand, East of Iran, during years 2013 to 2014. Subjects were asked to complete a checklist including gender, marital status, and history of drug injection, tattooing, unsafe sexual contact, imprisonment, dental surgeries, bloodletting, and blood transfusion. All subjects were tested by commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits to detect Anti-HIV antibodies (HIVAb; Genscreen® plus HIV Ag-Ab, Bio-Rad, Matnes la coquette, France). The chi-square test was performed and P Prevalence of HIV was zero. Also, result of the study showed that 9 (0.2%) subjects had a history of drug injection, 81 (1.5%) history of tattooing, 44 (0.8%) unsafe sexual contact, 39 (0.7%) history of imprisonment, 1709 (32.6%) history of dental surgeries, and 802 (15.3%) history of bloodletting. History of drug injection, history of tattooing, unsafe sexual contact, history of imprisonment, and history of dental surgeries showed a significant relationship with gender.
It is recommended to increase knowledge about HIV/AIDS behaviors especially in low risk populations to prevent the occurrence of new cases.

Nicolau Syndrome (NS) is a rare but severe localized adverse reaction at the site of intramuscular drug injection. The typical presentation is intense pain around the injection site soon after injection، followed by erythema، purplish network discolouration of the skin (livido reticularis)، haemorrhagic patch، and finally tissue necrosis. Here in، we report a 7years old boy، the forth Nicolau Syndrome (NS) reported from Iran after a single intramuscular injection of penicillin.