The conflict between values transforms a situation or problem into an ethical challenge. Due to high workload, nurses are frequently confronted with the ethical challenges and despite having different specialities, they are incapable of confronting ethical challenges. The aim of this study was to investigate ethical challenges in nursing profession.
This is a review article that was done in 2016, data were collected by searching through online databases such as Scopus,web of science, PubMed, Iran medex, iranpsycho Magiran and SID with the keywords challenge, ethics, nursing with no time limit. 27 articles were included in the present study.
The results of the study were categorized into three categories: Ethics fundamental (autonomy, avoidance of Damage, Usefulness, equality), moral decision making (moral uncertainty, Moral distress, ethical tension), and ethical challenges (professional, communication and educational challenges).
Sensitivity to ethical issues and challenges in the professional practice of nursing practice is vital and must be entered in training,clinincal and nursing research.

Today, the news is often heard about fraud and misbehavior of management and employees of companies, many of which were expected to be discovered and reported by accountants and auditors. Many accountants and auditors face different ethical challenges daily in their professional affairs. Although the professional code of conducts related to accountants and auditors dealing with ethical issues and challenges has been formulated and communicated, the available evidence shows the failure of these codes and ethical principles. The current research seeks to formulate a model to identify the most critical ethical challenges accountants face and the factors that create them. The grounded theory design has been employed in this study. The results indicate the causal conditions for creating violations and ethical dilemmas in two groups of individual and organizational conditions. Also, ethical challenges are created on the ground of professional societies and social and cultural societies; economic and professional restrictions as intervening conditions lead to accelerating or limiting ethical challenges. In addition, the results show that ethical challenges in the accounting profession include violations that can align with the organization's, public, or individual interests.

This research aims to criticize the approach that considers the solution to the ethical challenges of artificial intelligence (AI) to be only in design and technical improvements. Some researchers consider the ethical challenges in AI to be convergent, which emerge with the advent of AI systems and are resolved with technical progress and improvements. In the discussions of the ethics of AI, issues such as privacy and transparency have been the focus of most studies. In the present research, using the analytical-critical method, the convergence between transparency and privacy in machine learning systems was investigated, and the approach that limits the resolution of ethical challenges to AI design was criticized. The research findings indicate that there is no convergence between the ethical challenges of AI. Additionally, by raising three challenges of quantification, technical limitations, and meta-ethical issues, the criticism of approaches that rely solely on design and technical improvements was addressed. The results also indicates that it is not possible to respond to the ethical challenges of AI only by relying on design, and there is a need to use other methods such as legislation or progress in other sciences in addition to attention to design.

Dear Editor,Artificial Intelligence (AI) is utilized for information management and forecast. However, the ethical challenges of using artificial intelligence should not be disregarded. Disrupting social justice, bias in programs, transparency and explainability, data safety, respect for human dignity and informed consent, error, and compensation are among the ethical challenges of artificial intelligence. Ethical auditing, creating ethical policies, making artificial intelligence accessible to all societies, and guaranteeing the global implementation of data protection and their implementation are among the appropriate ways to deal with the ethical challenges of artificial intelligence.

Identifying ethical challenges and then developing ethical codes and making ethical decisions are one of the solutions to promote professional ethics in any field. Given that ethical challenges in Iranian dentistry education have not been identified so far, the aim of the present study was to explain the ethical challenges in dentistry education. The present qualitative research was performed using qualitative content analysis approach. Participants included faculty members and students of general dentistry from dental schools of metropolitan area 5 of Iran (Shiraz, Yasuj, Bushehr, and Bandar Abbas); they were selected using purposeful sampling. The researcher collected data using semi-structured interviews and focus group. Participants’ conversations were recorded, implemented immediately, and analyzed using MAXQDATA software version 10. Confirmability, credibility, dependability, and transferability were used as the criteria used to ensure scientific accuracy. A total of 16 faculty members attended focus group sessions and individual interviews. A total of 114 codes were extracted, which were classified into three main categories: ethical challenge in the educational system (three subcategories), educational ethical challenge related to faculty members (four subcategories), and educational ethical challenge related to students (two sub-categories). There are many ethical challenges in the field of dental education from the faculty members and students’ perspective that must be addressed by faculty authorities, faculty members, and students. It is suggested that solutions to address these challenges should be considered in future researches; if necessary, appropriate ethical codes should be codified in this regard.

Some ethical challenges have emerged along with advances within the field of pediatrics. Meanwhile, the residents of pediatrics face particular ethical challenges, since they have different roles in their professional career as educators, students, advocators, and clinicians.
The aim of the present study was to identify ethical challenges in the field of pediatrics from the viewpoints of Iranian pediatric residents
This cross-sectional study was conducted during 9 months. The studied population consisted of 90 residents of pediatrics studying at Tehran University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, capital of Iran. Sampling was conducted in the form of census counts of a 32-item instrument that evaluated ethical challenges in the field of pediatrics. Validity and reliability of this questionnaire were evaluated by experts in the field of medical ethics and pediatrics. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software using descriptive-analytic statistic methods.
The most serious ethical challenges in the field of pediatrics were providing enough information to obtain informed consent (4.74 ± 0.22), dealing effectively with the conflicts of decision-making by the sick children and their families (4.68 ± 0.14), giving bad news to the sick children or their parents as appropriately as possible (4.64 ± 0.18), and taking necessary actions in dealing with cases of child maltreatment (4.62 ± 0.16), respectively. In addition, based on linear regression analysis, there was a significant correlation (P = 0.03, r = 0.059) between the residents’ gender and their views towards ethical conflicts; female residents paid more attention to these challenges than male residents.
Paying attention to ethical challenges in the field of pediatrics helps the authorities provide favorable conditions in clinical settings. Therefore, resulting in less ethical challenges in similar situations.

Psychologists are faced with ethical challenges¡ regardless of the diverse environments of their activities. The military psychologists are not excluded from this¡ and with regard to the nature of their work environments¡ it is expected that they will face with ethical challenges of its own. The purpose of this study is to identify ethical challenges among military psychologists.
The method used in this study was the survey. Research statistical population was all psychologists who worked at a military organisation. They have¡ at least¡ master degree in psychology and they are engaged in psychological services or counseling centers. Sample consists of 31individuals. Instrument used in this study was a questionnaire inspired by Orme and Doerman (2001).
The results of this study showed that confidentiality¡ dichotomy of values¡ mutual relationships and competence are the major challenges which mentioned by the participants in this study.
Addressing the ethical challenges of military psychologists can help military psychologists in deciding about ethical dilemmas¡ and it also affects and mediates the organization claims.

This study examines the ethical challenges of counseling and ways to solving it. The ethical challenge of counseling; It is a clinical situation for which no option seems satisfactory, and the counselor, as a moral agent, simultaneously has two or more moral duties to the client, each of which is his sole duty, but because of the simultaneity he can not perform them all. The research method includes two approaches of observing ethical principles and theories and considering all dimensions in a case, which is called thoughtful balance. Based on research findings; Solving an ethical challenge in counseling involves six steps. This method was used to solve the following ten types of ethical challenges in counseling: Admitting a client for counseling, sexual issues, religiosity, mental disorders and tests, legal issues, marriage counseling, couple therapy, infidelity, divorce and child counseling

Recent developments in the digital domain and its influence in the health sector have led to the development of digital health technologies. The development of these technologies in addition to the benefits such as lowering medical care costs and improving the quality of patient care, has introduced new ethical challenges into the field of medicine. In this study, 25 articles were identified on the ethical challenges in digital health technologies by using literature review. These articles were in areas of mobile health, electronic health records, telemedicine, electronic health, wearable and big data technologies. The ethical challenges found in the articles reviewed in the field of digital health include: the privacy challenges that are due to the creation of huge data sources in this type of technology, how to ensure access justice, challenges for determining the responsibilities of surgical and technical members in telemedicine technologies, changing the patient's role, challenges regarding data ownership and patient access to raw data, the challenge of balancing the privacy of patient information and data sharing in advancing the community's science and health big data, and guaranteed quality of provided health information. These surveys can be effective in identifying challenges and developing ethical guidelines before developing and applying these types of technologies.

Deep learning technology, philosophical challenges and approaches Abstract The unprecedented human’s advancement in generating and storing piles of data, and exploiting such large amounts of data for building reasoning machines has manifested as a technology known as “deep learning”. This technology is inspired by the brain’s connectivity structure and is empowered by deep artificial neural networks. In spite of numerous benefits offered by their great power in reasoning like experts or creating things like skillful people, this technology imposes some ethical challenges to human’s life. This article tries to present the ethical challenges of deep learning technology that threaten humanity and tries to address them by employing a rational-philosophical approach. Although deep learning technology imposes several ethical challenges on our lives, it is still possible to benefit from big data without sacrificing our ethical values provided we gain awareness about and preparation against such challenges.