Pakistan is a post-colonial state in which different ethnic groups live. These ethnic groups have intended to gain their independence by emphasizing their unique linguistic, cultural and ethnic components since the establishment of this country. Baluchi ethnic group is one of the groups in Pakistan that since the separation of this country from India has always posed a serious challenged for the security of Pakistan. The main goal of this article is studying the historical record of Baluchi nationalism and examining the policies pursued by Pakistan towards it with an emphasis on failed nation-building in this country. This article while studying the nation-building process in Pakistan, tries to answer the question that why Baluchi ethnic group has always challenged the security of Pakistan? The findings of this article show that failed nation-building is an effective factor in creating disintegrationist tendencies among Baluchis in multi-ethnic Pakistan. Therefore, the main claim of this article is that the weakness and failure of Pakistan in the process of nation-building and its inability to integrate Baluchi ethnic group into a single nation paved the way for strengthening centrifugal forces among this ethnic group which in turn put Pakistan's security under challenge.

The main problem of this article is to study the relations between ethnic traditions with national identity and the impact of these traditions in formation of the category of historiography. It means that the history of each nation would be formed in the framework of the traditions inherited to that nation and that the historiography of each ethnic group cannot be separated from the traditions belonged to that group or nation. This study deals with two basic questions: 1. what's the relation between ethnic history and the cultural sphere that forms the national identity? 2. What's the relation between national identity and understanding of the traditions inherited from the past? The hypothesis of this article is that the histories of various nations differ with each other because of their various historical traditions, and historiography is under the effect of values, cultures, judgments and specific behaviors belong to each nation. The purpose of this study is to show that the imitation of historiography styles of other nations not only is not useful but also implodes the research and certainly is an obstacle towards understanding the formative elements of national identity.

Pan-Turkism, as an expansionist ideology with an irredentist feature, appears to be a threat to the region`s ethnic geopolitics and territorial integrity of the countries with Turkish-spoken ethnicities. How can one analyze the logic of Pan-Turkism in terms of the way of conceptualization of nationalism and, mutually, come up with solutions to overcome it? To respond to this principal question, the paper hypothesizes that the Pan-Turkist expansionism emanates from its ideological nationalism built on an ethnic-cultural conception of the nation. This conception results in irredentism and agitation of separatism in Turkish-spoken ethnics of the region and, specifically, Iran. On the contrary, neutralization policies can be reached by adopting a civil approach to nationalism and the political perception of the nation. The paper constructs a combinative theoretical framework to justify the hypothesis. The framework is constituted of the relation between ‘ideology and practice’ and the binary of ‘ethnic–civil’ approaches to nationalism. The present study was conducted based on library resources and data analysis was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method.

In the last century, modern nation – building caused two main cultural challenges in the third words and developing countries: religiousness v. secularism and cultural and ethnic identification v. cultural and linguistic assimilation. Like the other non – western countries were experienced exotic modernization follow from the westernization and agency modernization based on state – oriented, Iranian society was faced with two problems mentioned above. So it is necessary to new policy for them and strategic managing this ethnic and cultural diversity so that in this policy would be appearing national solidarity and integration stimuli, structurally and durably. In this respect, it would be pay attention on replacing citizenship right and definition of national identity based upon unitary exactly plurality with denying the cultural and ethnic diversity.

Iraq is a country with many social cleavages, due to its ethnic and religious diversity, and because pf the inability of its political elite, this feature has always hindered resolving its problems. With the removal of the authoritarian regime of Sadam Hossein, ethnic and religious disputes escalated to their peak. The main question in this article is why has ethnic and sectarian violence exacerbated in Iraq after Saddam Hossein? In response to the question posed, it is argued that the process of international nation-state building or nationstate building from outside that was implemented with a security oriented approach by the US, because of its incompliance with cultural and social features of Iraq, has led to the intensification of sectarian and ethnic violence in the country. The method used in this research is qualitative and causal, using Rogers Brubaker’ theory. Findings of the reseach indicate that identical institutional structures do not work for all societies effectively, and every society’s exclusive capacities and delicacies must be taken into consideration in the process of nation-state building.

From the time of Nasser al-Din Shah onwards, we have witnessed the emergence of the discourse of nationalism and the definition of national identity based on the components of "perennialism" in Iran. One hundred years of experience show that such a definition of national identity has been detrimental to the realization of national unity and the protection of the rights of Iranians. On the other hand, today there is no single definition of national identity among thinkers and elites and serious discussions are underway in this regard. At the same time, the preservation of Iran requires a nationalism based on the sovereignty of the nation, the satisfaction and security of the rights and interests of all members of the nation. Accordingly, it is necessary to re-read and critique the definition of national identity based on the components of "perennialism". In the meantime, despite the fact that Habal al-Matin has promoted the relationship between the state and the nation in the modern sense, it defines national identity based on the components of "perennialism". The question of the present article is that according to the "modernist paradigm of nationalism", what is the critique of the national identity defined by this publication? Findings show that the definition of Iranian identity and national identity is based on the ethnic-cultural definition of the nation and has no relation with the modern nation.

Tourism is one of the most dynamic economic activities of the current era, which plays an important role in sustainable local development. This industry, on the one hand, provides leisure time, and on the other hand, leads to the development and growth of less developed areas and the spread of culture and religion in different regions. Cultural tourism, as one of the types of tourism, plays a significant role in the dissemination of the indigenous and national cultures of different lands and cultures. One of the cultural attractions in the world is the traditional clothing of different nations, which reflects the national and cultural identity, rituals, and customs, and shows the ways they can be distinguished from those in other nations of the world. This article aims to examine the position of traditional clothing, which is one of the most important factors affecting the tourism industry. For this purpose, it analyzes the traditional clothing of Iranian ethnic groups and scrutinizes its cultural and artistic impact on attracting tourists. The present study seeks to answer the question of how the traditional clothing of Iranian ethnic groups can contribute to the development of cultural tourism in Iran? This research is applied and uses the descriptive-analytical-survey method. The data collection methods included library and field research. Data from the field was collected through interviews with 40 researchers and experts in the field of tourism. The validity and reliability of the study were established through Cronbach’s test and snowball sampling. The research hypothesis was based on the positive effect of traditional Iranian clothing in various dimensions and methods on cultural tourism. Analysis of the opinions of experts and researchers shows that the traditional clothing of Iranian ethnic groups is an important element in defining cultural identity in five sections: cultural relations, international tourism cooperation, introduction and supply of traditional clothing, advertising and dissemination of indigenous culture, can be identified and expanded as one of the most effective cultural attractions in the cultural tourism industry in Iran.

Tourism is one of the most dynamic economic activities of the current era, which plays an important role in sustainable local development. This industry, on the one hand, provides leisure time, and on the other hand, leads to the development and growth of less developed areas and the spread of culture and religion in different regions. Cultural tourism, as one of the types of tourism, plays a significant role in the dissemination of the indigenous and national cultures of different lands and cultures. One of the cultural attractions in the world is the traditional clothing of different nations, which reflects the national and cultural identity, rituals, and customs, and shows the ways they can be distinguished from those in other nations of the world. This article aims to examine the position of traditional clothing, which is one of the most important factors affecting the tourism industry. For this purpose, it analyzes the traditional clothing of Iranian ethnic groups and scrutinizes its cultural and artistic impact on attracting tourists. The present study seeks to answer the question of how the traditional clothing of Iranian ethnic groups can contribute to the development of cultural tourism in Iran? This research is applied and uses the descriptive-analytical-survey method. The data collection methods included library and field research. Data from the field was collected through interviews with 40 researchers and experts in the field of tourism. The validity and reliability of the study were established through Cronbach’s test and snowball sampling. The research hypothesis was based on the positive effect of traditional Iranian clothing in various dimensions and methods on cultural tourism. Analysis of the opinions of experts and researchers shows that the traditional clothing of Iranian ethnic groups is an important element in defining cultural identity in five sections: cultural relations, international tourism cooperation, introduction and supply of traditional clothing, advertising and dissemination of indigenous culture, can be identified and expanded as one of the most effective cultural attractions in the cultural tourism industry in Iran.

The studies about ethnicity have a long history, which roots in the exoticism that in turn is affected by the Orientalism viewpoint on other cultures. The procedure of nation-building and modernization of Iran drastically changed the tribal life in Iran. This procedure was accompanied by extensive researched by Western researches on the tribal communities of Iran. During the last two decades, we have seen a decrease in tribal studies and a growing interest in ethnic studies from the perspective of political and social sciences. The new ethnic terms such as Kurds and Balouchs became the substitutes of the former tribal names. However, the transition of the tribe to the ethnic is mostly neglected in the scholarship. These studies have not paid attention to the mechanisms and conversion process form tribe to ethnicity.
For this reason, analyzing the group's dynamics and multiple influential factors in this transition, and also the role of cultural content in the transition process has been ignored. This study is trying to take a fresh look at the issue of the tribal and the ethnic in Iran from a process approach and to emphasize the role of cultural content.

The purpose of present article is to analyze the individual-contextual cultural identity elements in the formation and stability of ethnic iIdentity of Turkish people in Iranian Azerbaijan. The method of this study is qualitative through snowball sampling method by interviewing with 22 of Turkish experts in Iranian Azerbaijan who are living in Tehran city and other Azeri provinces` centers in 2020. To validate the concepts of interviews, experts` ideas were applied through two consecutive stages. According to the “thematic analysis” obtained from the experts` interviews, from 144 contents, 74 categorized codes and 12 sub- themes and finally four main themes were recognized which are Geography, Language, Individual Attitude, and Biological Characteristics and their indexes were recognized as individual-contextual cultural identity elements in the formation and stability of ethnic iIdentity of Turkish people in Iranian Azerbaijan. Thus, the recognized cultural individual- contextual identity elements were the main features of Azeri nation`s formation and stability, also their continuity and synchronicity had led to the stability of t ethnic iIdentity of Turkish people in Iranian Azerbaijan.