is research was to investigate the correlation between father-child relationship and adolescent's social competence. The population consisted of high school female and male students of the Sanandaj city in the 2011-2012 academic year. Some 240 students (120 girls and 120 boys) from this population were selected randomly by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The study was descriptive and used correlational methods. The research instruments included: Social Competence questionnaire and Parent-Child Relationship Scale (PCRS). Data were analyzed by Pearson's correlation coefficient and regression analysis. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between father-child relationship and social competence. Regression analysis showed that relationship with father has the most effective results on communication skills and the least effect on motivation aspects. The range of father-child relationship and social competence and its aspects has much higher impact on girls group than the boys group. Thus father-child relationship is one of the most effective factors on increasing the social competence in adolescents.

One of the conditions for Qisās, according to the majority of Imami and Sunni jurists, is the absence of a father-child relationship between the killer and the killed. This means that if a father commits the murder of his child, he will not be subject to Qisās. It is maintained that if the child born is the result of an illegitimate relationship between a Muslim man and a Muslim woman, the Shariah discredits the father-child relationship. Due to the lack of such relationship, it is then a bone of contention whether the adulterer who intentionally kills his illegitimate child shall be punished by Qisās. Recruiting a descriptive-analytical design, the researchers have examined Shariah texts as well as the expert opinions of the jurists and found that the adulterer can apparently be exempted from a Qisās even in the absence of the legitimate father-child relationship. It is due to the fact that the Shariah has not exclusively stipulated the legitimacy/illegitimacy condition of the child birth upon deciding on the Qisās issue. It is also more consistent with the principle of caution in Islam.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between personality characteristics of single-parent, two-parent and multi-parent families with their parent-child relationship in Sari. In a correlational study, 324 high school male and female high school students in Sari were selected by simple random sampling and completed the NEO 5-Factor Personality Questionnaire and Parent-Child Relationship Questionnaire (PCRS). The data was analyzed by SPSS software using descriptive statistics and linear regression. The results showed that personality traits explained 49.5% variance of father-child relationship in single-parent families, 25.4% variance of father -child relationship in two-child families and 26.3% variance of father -child relationship in multi-child families (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the results indicated that personality traits explained 20.8 % variance of mother-child relationship in single-parent families, 36.9% variance of mother-child relationship in two-child families and 32.7% variance of mother-child relationship in multi-child families (p < 0.01).  Therefore, personality traits of students are effective in explaining the parent-child relationship of families.

This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationships between parenting dimensions, indicators of father-child relationship, and academic achievement.
The research method was correlational of type structural equation modeling (SEM). The population of this study included boy students between 13 and 16 years in the city of Isfahan in the academic year 2021-2022. The random sampling method was a multi-stage cluster. The sample included 269 adolescents, who answered the parenting and father-child relationship online questionnaires. academic achievement was also calculated through the examination of grade average scores. The data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation test and structural equations and by SPSS and AMOS.
The findings showed that the assumed model after the modification has a good fit and parenting in all dimensions (except monitoring and Notification) was able to explain the indicators of the father-child relationship (P<0.01). On the other side, academic achievement could not have a place in the tested model.
The results of the current research confirm the important role of parenting and its dimensions in explaining the father-child relationship, and also focus attention on the role of non-family factors regarding academic achievement.

Youth smoking has long been a major concern at individual, familial, and national levels. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the role of parent-child relationship in the smoking behavior and smoking intensity among college students. We also aimed to investigate gender-specific variations in the association between mother-child and father-child relationships and smoking behavior and its intensity among female and male college students.
The sample consisted of college students (N=242: 142 smokers, 99 nonsmokers) who were selected using snowball sampling method among the students of Guilan University. Participants completed the parent-child relationship survey and Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. Binary and multinomial logistic regressions were used for analyzing.
Results showed that mother-child relationship, but not father-child relationship, was the significant predictor of smoking status. Also, mother-child relationship could predict low to moderate levels of dependence on nicotine. Finally, among male students, mother-child relationship was the significant predictor of smoking. Neither mother-child nor father-child relationships were the significant predictors of smoking status among female students.
Further research is needed to clear our understanding of gender-specific correlates of smoking among youth.

Primary maladaptive schemas, which are the basis of high-risk behavior and psychological disorders, result from childhood experiences with significant objects, such as fathers, in different developmental phases. This endeavor examined the role of the father in predicting these schemas.Patients and A total of 345 Islamic Azad University students (Qom Branch) who were chosen through convenience sampling completed the Young Schema Questionnaire, the Parental Bonding Instrument, and the Parent–Child Relationship Survey. A multivariate regression analysis indicated that anumber of aspects of the father–child relationship, including care, emotional interaction, positive affection, the effective relationship, and excessive support, predict particular schemas. Therefore, these findings suggested that psychotherapists examine the different aspects of the father–child relationship when restructuring schemas.

The current study aimed was conducted to investigation the relationship between intelligence beliefs and father-child relationship with academic achievement motivation in male high school students in Shushtar in a correlational study. The population of this study included all male high school students in Shushtar in the 2017-2018 academic year. 366 male students were selected based on Krejcie and Morgan sampling table and according to the population size (3323 people) using multi-stage clustering random sampling method. In this study, students respond the Achievement Motivation Questionnaire (AMQ), the Implicit Theory of Intelligence Scale (ITIS) and the Parent-Child Relationship Scale (PCRI). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis and SPSS-22 statistical software. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between incremental intelligence beliefs and father-child relationship with academic achievement motivation in students and there is no relationship between innate intelligence beliefs and academic achievement motivation. Also, the regression analysis results showed that among the predictor variables of incremental intelligence beliefs and father-child relationship significantly predict the motivation of students' academic achievement. According to results we can be conclude that students who believe to the flexibility and enhancement of intelligence and a close relationship with their father,, they have more academic achievement motivation, but students who believe to have intrinsicity of intelligence will not necessarily have more academic achievement motivation.

In order to explain the mediating role of the quality of parent-child relationship between parents’ education on the self-concept of 391 students (195 girls and 195 boys), the statistical population of high school students in Tehran were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. The study answered a questionnaire consisting of socioeconomic status, parent-child relationship assessment questionnaire and self-concept questionnaire. In this Peugeot hash, structural equation modeling method was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the total effect of father education (p<0.05, β =0.163) and mother education (p<0.05, β= 0.270) on children’s self-concept was positive and significant. The direct level of father education (p<0.01, β= 0.069) on children ‘s self-concept is positive and significant. Also, the effect of father-child relationship quality (p<0.01, β = 0.310) and mother-child relationship quality - Child (p<0.01, β= 0.163) has a positive and significant effect on the self-concept of children. Indirect effect of father’s education (p<0.01, β= 0.069) as opposed to indirect effect of mother’s education on self-concept Children are positive and significant at the level of 0.01, and the quality of the father-child relationship, unlike the quality of the mother-child relationship, mediates the effect of education on students’ self-concept.

Regarding the importance of maintaining and enhancing family members relationships during the period of imprisonment, the present paper uses a survey method to examine the relationships between stigma (independent variable), the quality of family members relationships (mediating variable), and lack of mental health of family members (outcome variable). The variables became operational as follow: The stigma in two dimensions of interaction and gender; the quality of family members' relationships in three dimensions of wife-husband relationships, mother-child relationships, and father-child relationships; and mental health in three dimensions of depression, anxiety of female head of household, and children conduct disorder. The systematic sampling was used and included 222 women head of households supported by the Center for the Protection of Prisoners in Tehran. Based on findings in the range of 1 to 6, the average quality of family members' relationships was 3.6 and it was moderate. The increase in the stigma was accompanied by a reduction in the quality of family members' relationships. Also, the increase in the stigma led to an increase in the level of lack of mental health in the families. Decreasing the quality of family members' relationships was also associated with an increase in lack of mental health status. According to the results of multivariate analysis, 15% of changes in the variance of women's depression were explained with the entry of the quality of wife-husband relationships, and the quality of mother-child relationships, 14% of variations in women's anxiety variable were explained with the entry of quality of mother- child relationships, and the number of people who are supported by the mother, and 23.4% of the variance of children's conduct disorder was explained with entering the quality variables of the father-child relationship, the quality of mother-child relationship and household income per capita.

This study aimed to determine the mediating role of fatherhood in the relationship between family relationships and the      father’s psychologicalcohesion with child adjustment. The research method was correlational and the statistical population of the study was all female elementary schoolstudents in Shahroud in the academic year 2019-2020 and their fathers. From the above community, 240 students and their fathers were selected to participate in the study by using a multi-stage cluster sampling method and responded to the Fatherhood Scale (Dick, 2004), Sense of Coherence Scale (Antonovsky, 1993), Adjustment Inventory (Sinha & Sing, 1998), Index of Family Relationships (Hudson, 1992). Path analysis method were used to evaluate the proposed model. The results showed that fatherhood in the relationship between family relationships and the father’s psychological cohesion with the child’s adjustment has a mediating role. According to the results of the research, it is suggested that experts in the field of education pay special attention to the importance and necessity of the father-child relationship as a determining factor in children's adjustment.