In Closed Chain kinetic problem, Foot Hyperpronation leads to lower extremity weakness. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of closed chain hip exercise in correcting foot hyperpronation. Thirty male subjects with foot hyperpronation participated in this study and were divided into case and control groups. First foot hyperpronation was measured by goniometer and the strength of hip abductor and lateral rotator muscles assessed using hand-held dynamometer, then the interventional group participated in closed-chain hip rotation strengthening exercises three days a week for six weeks. The control group asked to continue their daily activity. After a 6 weeks, Foot hyperpronation and muscles strength were measured again. Data analysis with paired and independent samples t test was performed (p≤ 0/05). There was significant increase between pre¬ and post-tests in the strength of hip abductor and external rotator muscles and foot hyperpronation in the case group while no differences was found in the control group. Also, both groups at pre-test, had no significant differences in the strength of hip abductor and external rotator muscles and foot hyperpronation however, significant differences were observed in the post test. Body components such as rings are linked together like a chain that each them affects others, thus after performing weight-bearing closed chain hip rotation exercise and increasing muscles strength of proximal lower extremity it can be correct foot hyperpronation in distal lower extremity.

According to clinical observations, foot hyperpronation is very prevalent and may cause malalignment of the lower extremity, leading to structural and functional deficits in standing and walking. This study aimed at investigating the effect of foot hyperpronation on spine alignment in the standing position.
Thirty-five healthy males with an age range of 18-30 years participated in this cross-sectional study. Evaluation was performed with two examiners in four standing positions (on the floor, and on the wedges angled at 10, 15, and 20 degrees) using a motion analysis system (Zebris). Moreover, each of the measurement methods was repeated for three short times. Paired t- test and repeated measures ANOVA test were used for statistical analysis.
Significant differences were observed between all modes in the sacral angle, pelvic inclination, lumbar lordosis, and thoracic kyphosis variables (except between the first and second mode). Finally, a positive correlation was obtained for the examiners and all the variables with an increasing slope of the angle of wedge.
The results of the present study revealed sacral angle, pelvic inclination, lumbar lordosis, and thoracic kyphosis were increased with an increase in bilateral foot pronation. In fact, each one of them is a compensatory phenomenon.

According to clinical observation, foot hyperpronation is very prevalent and may cause malalignment of the lower extremity in which can lead to structural and functional deficits in standing and walking. The aim of this study was to investigate of foot hyperpronation effect on spine alignment in standing position.

Thirty-five healthy male ranging 18 - 30 years old were participated in this study. Evaluation was performed with two examiner in four standing positions (on the floor, on the wedges angled at 10, 15 and 20 degrees) using motion analysis system (zebris) and each one of measurement methods repeated three times. SPSS version 17.0 and paired t- test and repeated measures were used for statistical analysis.

Significant difference was seen between all modes in sacral angle, pelvic inclination, lumbar lordosis and thoracic kyphosis variables (except between the first and second mode. Finally, with increasing wedge angle, a positive correlation obtained for the examiners and all variables.

The results of this study showed with increasing bilateral foot pronation, sacral angle, pelvic inclination, lumbar lordosis and thoracic kyphosis were increased. In fact, each one of them considered a compensatory phenomenon.

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease of joints that causes degeneration and corrosion of joint surface. Because of osteoarthritis, the smooth and even movemvement of joints get interrupted. Osteoarthritis is the most common kind of arthritis and its prevalence is 19.3% in Iran. Patients with knee osteoarthritis usually have geno varum and hyperpronation of foot. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effect of lateral wedge and medial arch support on displacement of ground reaction force in knee osteoarthritis in static state.
The current study is a quasi-experimental study. A total of 13 patients (9 women and 4 men) with an average(SD) age of 63.08±7.7 years with knee osteoarthritis were selected from available community. Four different test conditions, including 1) barefoot, 2) lateral wedge, 3) medial wedge, and 4) arch support and lateral wedge were conducted. L.A.S.A.R Posture was used to assess the changes of ground reaction force from knee center and the comfort level after the intervention was measured on a visual analog scale. The changes of lever arm were measured with the instrument and the obtained data were analyzed by SPSS version 20, through multivariate analysis and Bonferroni tests.
The result indicated that lateral wedge caused a significant decrease in ground reaction vector from knee center in barefoot condition (P=0.005). The average distance of weight line from knee center were -13.6 in without arthritis condition, -0.8 with lateral wedge, -11.8 with medial arch, and -7 with lateral wedge with medial arch. Therefore, using the lateral wedge with 7 mm thickness displace the path of ground reaction force on the knee, in such a way that the lever arm of ground reaction force from knee center (which produces adductor torque on the knee) with putting 12.8 mm lateral wedge has become smaller that of barefoot condition. With regard to comparing different conditions, no significant differences were observed between barefoot, medial arch, and combination of medial arch with lateral wedge. However, there was a significant difference between lateral wedge and medial arch (P=0.013), so that the lever arm of ground reaction force with lateral wedge is 11 mm shorter. Also, comparing lateral wedge with arch and lateral wedge showed that lateral wedge is 6.2 mm shorter or it creates 88.5% shorter lever arm (P=0.001). No significant difference was seen between conditions of medial arch and combination of arch with lateral wedge.
Given the results, using the lateral wedge decreases the lever arm of ground reaction force to the knee center in people with knee osteoarthritis and geno varum and hyperpronation of foot. Moreover, adding medial arch reduces the effect of lateral wedge on shortening lever arm of ground reaction force on the knee and as a result reduces knee adductor torque in patients with knee osteoarthritis. However, lateral wedge, medial arch, or their combination have no statistically significant effect on the comfort of these patients.

Some deformities that increase the risk of injury including cavus foot are not correctable yet and can only be limited by prevention and taking care of external causes. The current study aimed at determining if foot type (cavus or normal) resulted in loading differences during badminton fundamental movements, considering the prevalence of cavovarus foot deformity and the important role of the foot in sports - especially the sports that suddenly impose forces with different speeds on foot.
Twenty healthy subjects (10 cases with normal feet and 10 with high arch feet) completed 5 trials in each condition, while in-shoe pressure data were collected at 100 Hz. Peak pressure and mean pressure were analyzed among the subjects in 5 major anatomical regions of the foot using the independent t test in SPSS version 20. Foot type was determined by foot posture index (FPI) (α Results showed that plantar loading characteristics were different in individuals with cavovarus foot deformity and the ones with normal feet. During the forward-right lunge, individuals with cavovarus foot deformity demonstrated a decrease in medial midfoot (P=0.001), lateral midfoot (P=0.040), peak pressure, toes mean pressure (P=0.036), and showed increased mean (P=0.800) and peak pressure (P=0.279) in heel region, but the decrease was not statistically significant. During the forward-left lunge, individuals with cavovarus foot deformity demonstrated a decrease in peak (P=0.010) and mean (P=0.010) pressure in midfoot and forefoot. Mean pressure in heel (P=0.608) and mean (P=0.577) and peak (P=0.509) pressure in toes increased, but the decrease was statistically insignificant.
The current findings demonstrated that the loading patterns differed between the individuals with cavovarus foot deformity and the ones with normal feet, which could possibly influence injury risk in the population. The results also indicated that suitable footwear should be used in people with foot deformities after determining the type and risk factors for the foot injuries.

The aim of this study was to compare the compressive and shear forces of ankle joint in subjects with flat foot and pes cavus foot. 30 female university students (10 subjects with flat feet, 10 subjects with pes cavus feet, 10 subjects with normal feet) (mean age 23±1.7 year, height 165±2.5 cm and weight 53±2.5 kg) participated in this study. Compressive and shear forces of ankle joint were calculated using inverse dynamic method. Navicular- Drop Test was used to measure the arch rate of the foot. One-factor ANOVA with repeated measures was used to test the hypotheses (P􀂔0.05). The statistical results showed a significant difference between pes cavus and normal feet, pes cavus and flat feet as well as between normal feet and flat feet in the compressive force of the ankle joint (P<0.001). Also, findings showed a significant difference between pes cavus feet and flat feet (P=0.029) and normal feet and flat feet in the shear force of the ankle joint (P=0.001). No significant difference was observed between normal feet and pes cavus feet in the shear force of the ankle joint (P=0.163). Accordingly, increasing compressive force of ankle joint could be a predisposing factor to ankle sprain and bone injuries in pes cavus feet.

Compared to the individuals with a normal arch structure, those with high or low arch can be at an increased risk of overuse injuries. The risk of overuse injury among athletes is high due, in part, to the repeated loading of the lower extremities. The current study aimed to determine if foot type (high-arched or normal) results in differences in plantar pressure during two badminton-specific movements (right-reverse lunge and right-lateral lunge).
Twenty badminton players (10 with normal feet and 10 with higharched feet) completed five trials in both right-reverse and right-lateral lunge, while in-shoe pressure data were collected at 100 Hz. The peak pressure and mean pressure were analyzed among the subjects for five major anatomical regions of the foot, using the independent t test in SPSS version 20. The foot type was determined by the foot posture index (FPI) (α Results showed that the plantar pressure characteristics of normal and high-arched feet were different; such that in high-arched feet, as compared to normal subjects, there were significantly fewer pressure strikes in the medial (P=0.010) and lateral (P=0.002) mid-foot in right-reverse lunge and this was significantly higher in forefoot (P=0.003) and toes (P=0.010). However, the peak (P=0.157) and mean (P=0.104) pressure in the heel was higher but not significant. In the right- lateral lunge, we found statistically lower peak pressure stroke for the lateral mid-foot (P=0.010) and forefoot (P=0.011); however, the mean pressure was lower in the lateral (P=0.010) and medial (P=0.040) mid-foot and forefoot (P=0.120), although it was not significant in the forefoot.
Results showed that the medial longitudinal arch of the foot might cause pressure differences in the feet among the players with normal and higharched feet. As the results demonstrated, in high-arched feet, there are some regions where plantar pressure is higher and some where it is lower. Therefore, in order to prevent the badminton players from suffering probable foot injuries, attention should be paid to the compatibility of the insole/shoe and the medial longitudinal arch and other areas of the foot that suffer more pressures than normal subjects.

Diabetic foot ulcer is one of the most important chronic complication of diabetes, which led to prolonged hospitalization and finally amputation of the foot, has psychological and economic burden to individuals and families and the health system. Ischemia, Neuropathy and infection are three pathological factors which lead to diabetic foot complications. Although all diabetic foot ulceration are not preventable; physician knowledge, clinical examination of foot problems, treatment of small lesions, patient education and appropriate foot wear recommendation reduced the number of foot ulcer associated to diabetes.Components of basic concepts of the diabetic foot treatment including the infection control, establishing appropriate arterial blood flow and removing pressure and stress from painful areas (Offloading). Along with standard treatments, there are supplementary therapies which accelerate the wound healing process such as novel dressings including hydrogel, Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), growth factors, stem cells, HBOT, VAC, and new herbal therapy (Angipars™).For compiling of current article, we have searched related sources through the databases of PubMed, Ovid, Google Scholar, Elsevier, UpToDate, Cohrane Library addition to printed journals in this field. It could be concluded that although various developments have been made in the field of diabetic foot ulcers has been made, most of them had the relative effects and complement each others, more effective treatments would be considered necessary.

Foot and toe nail problem is one of the most common health problems in older adults. The importance of these problems and foot care is often overlooked. This study aimed to determine The effect of foot and toenail care protocol on the rate of foot and toenail problems prevalence at elderly people.
This pre-test/post-test quasi-experimental study was carried out on 108 non- diabetic elderly referring to the elderly community centre¡ district four of Tehran municipality in 2105. The elders were selected based on the inclusion criteria and using purposive sampling and matching assigned to control (n=54) and intervention (n=54) groups. The protocol consisted of 4 components: 1- comprehensive assessment of foot and toenails 2- foot and toenail primary cares3- foot and toenail advanced care and 4- teaching elders about foot problems. To collect the data¡ a demographic information questionnaire¡ foot and toenail problems) were used. Prior to and following the administration of protocol (6 weeks)¡ the questionnaires were completed by the participants and the obtained data were analysed by SPSS-19 software.
The results showed that before intervention in the domains of foot and toenail problems¡ there were no statistically significant differences between two groups concerning shoes and socks condition and self-care ability (p> 0.05). But after administration of protocol the elders in intervention group showed a significant reduction in most subscales of foot and toenail problems (except for thick nails¡ Ingrown toenail¡ hallux valgus and claw foot) and an improvement in all subscales with shoes¡ socks and self-care ability compared to elders in control group (p Foot and toenail problems are very common in elderly. If nurses¡ caregivers and the elders themselves follow the foot and toenail care protocol¡ the conditions of the foot and nails will be improved¡ the pain will be alleviated and the self-management of the elderly will be improved.