The frontal lobe syndrome is a permanent personality change disorder with characteristic clinical pictures, which followed by frontal lobes damage. Clinical picture include: Affective instability, recurrent aggressive behavior, impaired social judgment, apathy and undifferentiating or suspiciousness and paranoid ideations. According DSM-IV classification frontal lobe syndrome named personality change due to head trauma on Axis I. Herein we report a case of 46 years-old man, who has developed behavioral disturbances following head trauma, about 10 years ago. Main clinical figures in this case are apathy, avolition and, undifferentiating. Clinical pictures are constant during these 10 years. The diagnostic approach has been based on patient’s problems history which, has taken from his family, mental status examination, Neurological examination, Brain imaging and Neuropsychological assessments which related to frontal lobes function. Because of rarity & neglection due to mysterious function of frontal lobes, and also considering that personality change from previous level is prominent figure of this syndrome and also brain imaging findings, which compatible with clinical findings, with this aim, we have reported this case.

Morphometric data of the frontal lobe are important for surgical planning of lesions in the frontal lobe and its surroundings. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques provide suitable data for this purpose.. In our study, the morphometric data of mid-sagittal MRI of the frontal lobe in certain age and gender groups of children have been presented..Patients and In a normal age group of 6-17-year-old participants, the length of the line passing through predetermined different points, including the frontal pole (FP), commissura anterior (AC), commissura posterior (PC), the outermost point of corpus callosum genu (AGCC), the innermost point of corpus callosum genu (IGCC), tuberculum sella (TS), AGCC and IGCC points parallel to AC-PC line and the point such line crosses at the frontal lobe surface (FCS) were measured in three age groups (6-9, 10-13 and 14-17 years) for each gender.. The frontal lobe morphometric data were higher in males than females. Frontal lobe measurements peak at the age group of 10-13 in the male and at the age group of 6-13 in the female. In boys, the length of FP-AC increases 4.1% in the 10-13 age group compared with the 6-9-year-old group, while this increase is 2.3% in girls.. Differences in age and gender groups were determined. While the length of AGCC-IGCC increases 10.4% in adults, in children aged 6-17, the length of AC-PC is 11.5% greater than adults. These data will contribute to the preliminary assessment for developing a surgical plan in fine interventions in the frontal lobe and its surroundings in children.

This study examined the hypothesis of cognitive functioning deficiency in the frontal lobe of conduct disordered adolescents. Cognitive functioning of frontal lobe in 21 conduct disordered male adolescents was compared with that of a matched control group.Data were collected by Stroop Test, Continuous Performance Test,and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. T-test,analysis of variance,and correlation coefficient were used for analysis of the data. The conduct disordered adolescents scored more poorly than the control group across most of the cognitive measures assessing frontal lobe functioning. They exhibited slower reaction time and greater false alarm errors on Stroop Test,executed more omission errors on Continuous Performance Test, and performed greater perseveration errors on Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Conduct disordered adolescents have cognitive functioning deficiencies in frontal lobe.

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a neurological movement disorder. It is induced by neuroleptic drugs but at least some of these movement are due to dysfunction of frontal lobe in Schizophrenic patients. In this research, we assessed the function of prefrontal area in Schizophrenic patients with and without TD to answer the following questions: Is there any relationship between TD and dysfunction of frontal lobe? Is there any way to recognize patients that are vulnerable to TD and to prevent it> In this research 100 Schizophrenic in-patients were chosen (50 with TD and 50 without it). They were assessed with WCST that is a standard neuropsychologic test for assessment of prefrontal function. Results were statistically analyzed with T-test and Chi-square, SPSS. Patients with TD compared to patients without TD had significantly (P~0) increased errors in WCST that showed dysfunction of frontal lobe in patients with TD. It appears with WCST in early stages of Schizophrenia we can recognize patients with dysfunction of frontal lobe and vulnerable to TD and prevent development and progression of TD with atypical antipsychotics and regular monitoring of abnormal movements in these patients.

Frontal lobe, especially prefrontal areas dysfunction, is one of the assumptions in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Consistent with this hypothesis, a deficit of prefrontal cortex oligodendrocytes was reported in schizophrenic patients. Quantitative Electroencephalography (Q-EEG) studies in these patients indicated that there is an increased in beta, delta and theta waves but a lack of alpha activity. The objective of this study was to study the frontal lobe beta activity in symptomatic and asymptomatic schizophrenic patients and normal individuals. Thirty patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (diagnosed by DSM-IV-TR criteria), and 30 normal individuals entered this study. Patients group was divided in to symptomatic and asymptomatic subgroups by Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) tests. The results of SANS and SAPS indicated that 14 patients had negative and 16 patients had positive symptoms. Q-EEGs of patients and control groups were obtained from 8 areas of frontal lobes and the results were compared. Results indicated that there were significantly differences between the groups in 4 areas of frontals waves (Fz, Fp2, Fpz, Fp1). Activity of beta waves, in patient groups was generally increased. Moreover in patients with positive symptoms, activity of beta was higher than in patients with negative symptoms. It is concluded that obtained beta waves from different areas of frontal lobes, in addition to borderline of frontal lobes, differed significantly from obtained beta waves from the same areas of frontal lobes in normal individuals.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is among disorders that has attracted the attention of many psychologists, psychiatrists, and researchers. The results of different researches have showed that the frontal lobe plays an important role in the incidence of this disorder and its continuity; therefore, the aim of the present research was to compare between frontal lobe function of students with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and normal students.
This research was descriptive and causal-comparative. The research population included all third-grade high school male normal students and those with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in Ardabil city (2015), from which 60 students (including 30 normal students and 30 students with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder) were selected through multi-step cluster sampling. For data collection, Conner’s adult ADHD Rating Scale-Self report form and subscale, subtests of similarities, mazes, Wechsler’s picture regulation, and Wisconsin’s cart sorting test, tower of London test, and diagnostic interview based on diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)-5 were used.
The results of multivariate of variance analysis (MANOVA) showed that there was a significant difference between frontal lobe function of students with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and normal students. On the other hand, the function of frontal lobe among students with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder was significantly weaker than normal students (P The obtained results showed that functions of frontal lobe, such as inhibition behavior, social judgment, abstract reasoning, planning, and other functions related to this lobe among students with this disorder was weaker than normal students; hence, it is necessary to take measures in order to improve their psychological health through suitable treatments, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy with emphasis on cognitive remediation, correcting cognitive distortions, and training behavioral techniques.

Epilepsy is the second most common neurological disorder. Seizure semiology is a simple allows localization of the symptomatogenic zone which either overlaps or is in close proximity of the epileptogenic zone. Clinical semiology can aids to precisely localize the epileptogenic zone is crucial for surgical success essential in cases of possible epilepsy surgery by Video–EEG monitoring. The clinical manifestation of a seizure (seizure semiology) is also of localizing value. For example, a typical patient with TLE may have an epigastric aura, followed by a quiet period of unresponsiveness with staring, lip-smacking (oral automatisms), picking at sheets or clothes (manual automatisms), contralateral dystonic posturing, postictal confusion and lethargy, and postictal nose wiping with the ipsilateral hand. If seizures arise from the dominant hemisphere, there is usually delayed recovery of language, often with transient aphasia and paraphasic errors on language testing. A typical frontal lobe seizure will occur from sleep with no warning, may show restlessness, prominent bilateral limb movements (such as bicycling or asymmetric tonic posturing, or both, and will end quickly with immediate recovery. This may recur several times in one night. Some patients with frontal lobe seizures may present with stereotypical bizarre and violent thrashing behaviors with prominent motor features. Occipital lobe seizures often have a visual aura, and may progress (due to electrical spread) into a temporal lobe or frontal lobe type of seizure. Parietal lobe seizures are the least common, may have a sensory aura, and tend to mimic frontal lobe seizures.

The aim of this study was to determine The relationship between mental health and cognitive function of frontal lobe.In these cross sectional study we used General Health Questioner (GHQ 28) and test for evaluation of executive function of frontal lobe (Trail Making Test, Verbal Fluency Test and Digit Span Test) for evaluation of mental health and executive function of 150 older adults that participated. in this study. We use Spearman’s correlation coefficient for evaluation of relationship between mental health criteria and executive functioning. Results showed that there were significant correlation between digit span performance and depression, anxiety and physical pain (P value respectively 0.004, 0.039 and 0.007). Also there were significant correlation between verbal fluency performance and depression and anxiety (P value respectively 0.006 and 0.001). Finally there were significant correlation between trail making performance and anxiety (P 0.014).Moreauer it was found that depression, anxiety and executive function of frontal lobe was refered to age related cognitive decline of frontal lobe. cortical- striatal- pallidal- thalamus- cortical pathway mediating both cognitive executive function and depression, anxiety and aging causes dysfunction in this pathway. Practical use of this study and future interventional study can be helpful for therapeutic use of cognitive rehabilitation in treatment of geriatrics depression.

Radiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of most malignant and also benign primary CNS tumors. Radiotherapy affects both tumor cells and normal cells. The aim of this study was to determine the absorbed dose of radiation by the skin surfacing organs at risk (lens, parotid, thyroid and submandibular gland) during radiotherapy of tumors at the frontal lobe of the brain via direct measurement in patients and phantom. There are two conventional techniques for external radiotherapy of patients with tumors of the right frontal lobe. These techniques were used to estimate the amount of surface dose absorption by organs at risk (lens of eye, parotid, thyroid, submandibular glands). Technique 1 was performed for 10 patients who referred to Reza Radiation Oncology Center. Technique 1 is the radiation of frontal field with an extension to the lateral field portion. Technique I and 2, which included radiation of one frontal field along with a bilateral field were performed for a phantom model with an anthropomorphic head and neck constructed from natural human bone with paraffin wax and NaCl as surrounding soft tissues. The surface dose for each organ was measured using TLD chips. The measured radiation dose within all organs was within the safe limits in phantom and most patients, however, the surface dose were higher in patients in compare to phantom. In some patients, the right lens was not protected and therefore there would be some risk for cataracts. The findings provide estimation for probable complications along with frontal lobe radiotherapy. Our findings showed that regarding these two techniques, technique I impose less harm to normal tissue, since the right lobe of brain is only irradiated. Besides, the higher values of surface dose in patients compared to phantom might be due to larger tumor field in patients, because the tumor dimensions in phantom was considered 4 cm, while in some patients it was larger

The present research aims at comparing "transliminality" and consciousness processes which are rooted in the activities of frontal lobe taking into account the gender role, as well. So, 266 university students filled out questionnaires of self-cognition processes which included consciousness, cohesive self-cognition, and self-control. Data analysis shows that women have higher scores on "transliminality". Furthermore, the relationship between self-cognition processes is positive and strong, but the relation of subjects’ scores on "transliminality" scale with self-cognition processes is negative. According to these findings, "transliminality" - a kind of consciousness rooted in temporal lobe - has a reciprocity relation with self-cognition processes - which are forms of consciousness related to frontal lobe. Women’s higher scores on "transliminality" are ascribed to their higher spiritual tendencies.