George Orwell, the English novelist, wrote his famous novel "1984" to criticize the utopias of his era. In his novel, Orwell, always seeking to warn about the possible outcomes of totalitarianism, portrays a man who is subjugated by the rigid power structures and has become a political subject, a subject pushed to his limits. Therefore, the important point here is Orwell's view of human being and its transformation to a subject. Orwell's overemphasis on subjugation gives a metaphysical aspect to human being and at the same time offers him another utopian system. The very system that Orwell previously intended to criticize, now entraps him. In fact, this is exactly where Orwell's paradox lies; since while criticizing utopia, he proposes non-dominance utopia to his metaphysical subject. This paradox is due to Orwell's view to human being as a political subject.

This study draws on a comparative framework to evaluate the translation of political implications in three Persian translations of the novellaAnimal Farm (by George Orwell), using  Fairclough’scritical discourse analysis (CDA) model. The study regards political implications and ideologies as a mode of background knowledge shared by writers and audiences in the source language. Fairclough’s model involves three qualitative stages (interpretation, explanation, reproduction) and takes into account ideological stances. Political allusions in novels, if not sufficiently translated, could downgrade the implicit purposes and even the meaningfulness of the text. Given this significant function, the study specifically focuses on linguistic items that play an extra-textual role in meaning formation and the way they are translated into Persian. Hidden ideologies may appear in the form of assumptions, presuppositions, interactional history, or cultural references. This study emphasizes that translators must not take at face value what Fairclough calls “members resources” and must examine their choices against other sources.

The cultural turn in Translation Studies puts the emphasis on the role of social and political factors in translation. After the Islamic Revolution of 1979 in Iran, anti-Western discourse became dominant in the country. Given this change, the present research aimed to study the representation of colonizers in the translations of post-colonial novels into Farsi. To this end, Burmese Days by George Orwell, Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad, and A Passage to India by Edward Morgan Forster and their translations into Farsi were studied, and the parts representing colonizers were discerned and com- pared with their Farsi translations. The results show that translators used amplification, modulation, particularization, and generalization to represent their anti-Western ideologies. The findings indicate how anti-Western discourse of society was reflected in the translations of post-colonial novels.

Polulism is a component,  which is mentioned in social sciences and politics. It emphasizes on the centrality of the peoples role and public will, withe the slogan of defending their lost rights against the predominant intellectual class. This action has influenced on authors minds and writings in the field of Fiction, in different ways. Populism has positive features, but in most cases, because of the some deviations, takes on a completely negative face, to the extent that, this contradictory feedback is considered as the real features of Populism. Animal Farm by George Orwell is one of the bright manifestations of populistic social system in the field of Fiction, in which, the writer has modeled a democratic movement with a populistic face, by using Fabula (Fable) format and visualizing of simbolic animal features.In this analytical--comprative essay, the features of Populism in Animal Farm story are cosidered and their existance is proved. In addition, the procedure of changing of the feature functions and also modeling from a Populistic revolution is considered and explained.The results inducate that this story,  visualizes a Populistic system in which, the positive Populism features , over time, turn into negative

Comparative literature is an academic field dealing with the critical study of the literary relations between nations that, sometimes, are manifested among the fictional masterpieces of the world. One of these masterpieces is the novel Animal Farm by George Orwell, an English novelist and essayist who skillfully expressed his desired political situation and social themes in allegorical language in the novel and influenced the literature of other countries in various ways. Among the world-famous novels translated into different languages is Zayni Barakat, written by the Egyptian writer Gamal al-Ghitani and published a few decades after Animal Farm. The subject matter of the two novels is the occurrence, deviation, and hypocrisy of the rulers of the revolution but the main question is what thematic similarities there are between these two novels. The results of this research indicate that the two novels have thematic similarities in eight aspects: realization of revolution, explanation of laws, autocracy of leaders, establishment of repressive forces, populism, suppression of opponents, use of religion as a tool, and finally, transformation of revolution. Based on the American comparative literature approach and a descriptive-analytical method, this study tries to present a comparative analysis of the two novels.

The information structure of a sentence is concerned with the formal expression of the referents and propositions in a given discourse. The formal expression of a referent is affected، among others، by such factors as the degree of mental identifiability of the referents، the pragmatic relation of referents in a proposition، etc. Based on the identifiability parameter proposed by Lambrecht (1994)، the present study is intended to analyze the different lexico-grammatical codings of the mental referents and propositions in English and Persian. To do so، the first chapter of George Orwell''s “Animal Farm” and its translation by Amir Amirshahi were analyzed based on the concepts of information structure theory. The findings revealed that the morphological coding in both English and Persian is affected by the degree of identifiability of the mental referents; in particular، identifiable referents were found to be represented by weak forms and unidentifiable referents by strong forms. In addition، English and Persian preferred morphological forms were found to be different. It was also found that identifiability parameter affects both the syntactic and prosodic patterns of the languages involved. The utterances with identifiable referents were mainly matched with subject position or were mainly coded as unaccented. In addition، it was found that، unlike morphological coding of both source language (English) and target language (Persian)، identifiability parameter affected the prosodic and syntactic forms of both languages almost in the same way. Chi-square and Z test were used to show the significance of the statistics.

It is commonly thought that when a work goes through retranslation process, the latest ones are expected to contribute to a better understanding of the text. However, it is not always the case, at least in Iran.  The book market of Iran is replete with retranslated versions of classic works most of which are not genuine translation but plagiarized version of previous translations. One famous example is George Orwell’s Animal Farm which has been translated into Persian more than 70 times by different translators since 1348. Regarding this issue, the present study attempts to investigate four Persian translations of Animal Farm based on forensic linguistics framework. The main goal of the present research is to demonstrate the patterns of plagiarism detection between different versions of translations of the same original piece of work based on textual similarities and differences. The project primarily centers on this question: what linguistic criteria are determinant in detecting plagiarism in translated texts? For our analysis, the data of the present research has been elicited from four Persian translations of this novel chosen by a time-lapse of 20 years between translations. Data were analyzed based on plagiarism detection patterns introduced by Turell (2004). The results of the study revealed a case of plagiarism among investigated translations. Disputed text overlaps 73.5% and 42.6% with plagiarized text in terms of vocabulary and phrasal similarity, respectively. In terms of unique vocabulary, they show the proportion of 17.6% to 15.16%. The disputed and plagiarized texts also have 35 shared-once only words and 22 shared-once only phrases. The article concludes that the proposed quantitative criteria of Turell’s model perform well in plagiarism detection which replicates the results of previous studies. We believe that science society of Iran must pay more attention to plagiarism in order to find a solution to suppress publication and proliferation of the plagiarized texts.

The story of Orwell Animal Castle is a socio-political theme in which one can see the interaction of the main characters in the formation of a specific goal (independent animal society), which in turn led to the emergence of a revolution and the creation of an independent animal community. In the shadow of a series of paradigms becomes mandatory in the field. But in the continuation of the narrative, each of the characters exhibits specific characteristic actions towards the independent animal community, which challenges the same expectation of lifestyle and how it is approached in this story. For this reason, the present study, which is written using the analytical-comparative method, seeks to be based on the lifestyle model of Eric Landowski; The French social semiotics analyzes the issue of how the lifestyle in the story of the Animal Castle, while identifying the integrated or different lifestyle discourse in this story; How to approach it, which can include things like: static, dynamic, repetitive, and whether or not it is a process; Explain. The findings of this study indicate that according to the researcherschr('39') predictions in this article, the lifestyle discourse in this story is different, with chameleon and reference lifestyles and bear lifestyle having the highest and lowest frequencies, respectively. And in most cases, the lifestyle approach in this story is a static and non-process approach

This essay began with the definition of fable, allegory and the situations in which they were created. Then both stories were introduced according to their theme. After that the motivation of writing of Animal Farm and bringing Kelileh to Iran were discussed. Social Symbolism in these two stories came next. Animal Farm was a picture of a communist society and each of the animals represented a special type of people who were living in that society. Lion and cow depicted, in some ways, the characters of the Sasanian's court, their misbehaviors and conflicts. Then every character in each story was introduced and his characteristics were extracted from their conversations to find a counterpart for each animal by analysis of these features in the meantime. Finally, from a comparative point of view, the common and different features of all the characters were analyzed.

Orwell wrote the novel Animal Castle with a critical approach in a symbolic form of animal language against the totalitarian system and with a humanistic social style.  The purpose of this paper is to study interdisciplinary novels based on criminal policy models and Criminological Doctrines. The present paper is based on a descriptive and analytical methom, with a review of the novel based on library sources. The findings based on the analysis of the novel's content show that this nostalgic novel tells the story of the formation of a revolution and the transformation of rebellion into power and shows the stupidity of the masses and the emptiness of the promise of socialism to the proletariat, ie equality and the end of authoritarian oppression. With a view consistent with the Marxist criminological view, Orwell presents the models of authoritarian and totalitarian criminal policy in the form of a story consistent with the totalitarian rule of socialist societies.