To study the effect of different arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi on growth performance and water absorption efficiency of osteospermum، a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design was conducted in greenhouse. A total of 22 different species of mycorrhizal fungi in symbiosis with the plant studied in this experiment. The results showed that mycorrhiza fungus Glomus mossea CA and Glomus mossea st6 had a significant effect on growth indices of osteospermum compared to the others. Inoculation of osteospermum plants with the fungus Glomus mossea CA improved the water use efficiency better than other species of mycorrhizal fungi. Despite the low rates of colonization in inoculated plants with fungus Glomus sp St2 and its insignificant impact on the characteristics of this plant، high water absorption efficiency was observed. Fungus Glomus mossea St2 and Glomus sp St2 had no effective symbiotic relationship with this plant. Furthermore، plants inoculated with the fungus Glomus mossea st6 had significantly higher root length، root fresh weight and root surface compared to the plants inoculated with other strains. Thus، it was shown that different species of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi depending on the species used، can lead to improve some growth traits in this plant.

Nowadays, managing the production of crops under rainfed conditions for achieving maximum growth potential and yield of plants for food supply is an undeniable necessity. Under rainfed condition, one of important variability in plant physiology is increase of ethylene biosynthesis up to stress ethylene that reduces plant growth. Stress ethylene cause to decline in vegetative period and decrease of yield. Mycorrhiza and ACC-deaminase producing bacteria decline the destructive effects of water deficit stress under rainfed condition. In order to determine the effectiveness of residue conservation and application of Glomus mosseae and ACC-deaminase producing bacteria in reducing the effects of water deficit stress in rainfed conditions, this study was conducted as split plots in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replications from 2017 for two cropping years. The main plots include three different residue conservation treatments including residue removal, half residue conservation and total residue conservation and sub-plots at four levels including 1- control (no use of Glomus mosseae and ACC-deaminase producing bacteria), 2- application of Glomus mosseae 3- inoculation of ACC-deaminase producing bacteria (preparation of Bacillus simplex UT1 inoculation with 107 CFU ml-1 population or colony unit formed in ml and method of seed coating application 4- concomitant use of Glomus mosseae and ACC-deaminase-producing bacteria. Quantitative traits of chickpea such as grain and biological yield, 100-seed weight and number of seeds per square meter and quality traits as relative leaf water content (RWC), concentration and total uptake of potassium and zinc as two important elements in water relations were measured in plants. Data were analyzed by SAS v.9.2 software and the means were compared by LSD test. The results showed by keeping half of the residues, 1224 kg/ha of seeds of chickpea was obtained, which showed an increase of 7.81% compared to the control. The yield of chickpea seeds in the treatment of without Glomus mosseae and ACC-deaminase producing bacteria was 1097 kg ha-1, while the highest yield of chickpea in the treatment of Glomus mosseae and ACC-producing bacteria at the amount of 1294 kg ha-1, which was a statistically significant increase of 17.9% compared to the control. Under residue preservation condition, even the application of ACC-deaminase-producing bacteria alone and the application of Glomus mosseae alone showed an increase of 10.3% and 13.1%, respectively, compared to the control. In general, the combined application of Glomus mosseae and ACC-deaminase producing bacteria increased yield, yield components and improved nutrient concentration compared to the control treatment. Based on the results of this study, in treatments of residue preservation, the use of Glomus mosseae is recommended, especially in combination with inoculation of ACC-deaminase producing bacteria in order to stabilize the production of chickpeas.

The accumulation of heavy metals in water, sediments, and soils has led to serious environmental problems. In recent years, several processes have been developed with the aim of reducing or recovering heavy metals from contaminated environments. Physical and chemical approaches are capable of removing a broad spectrum of contaminants, but the main disadvantages of these methods lie in the increased energy consumption and the need for additional chemicals. In recent years, the processes such as bioleaching, biosorption, bioremediation, phytoremediation, and bio precipitation are all based on the use of microorganisms that have the ability to solubilize, adsorb, or precipitate heavy metals. Therefore, it is necessary to find some solutions to reduce the negative effects of heavy metals in soil. A factorial experiment was conducted in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, the University of Zanjan, using a completely randomized design with three replications. In this experiment, the effects of different levels of soil cadmium (0, 5, 10, 25, and 50 mg/Kg) and soil inoculation (without inoculation and inoculation with Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae + Rhizobium trifolii, Glomus intraradices + Rhizobium trifolii bacterium, Rhizobium trifolii, Glomus mosseae + Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae + Glomus intraradices + Rhizobium trifolii) on growth of berseem clover were assessed. The results of this study showed that the soil cadmium levels has a significant effect (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01) on fresh weights of aerial parts and roots, height, number of the plant in the pot, Fe, Zn and Cd concentrations in aerial parts and roots of berseem clover. The fresh weights of aerial parts and roots, height, number of the plant in the pot, Fe and Zn concentrations in aerial parts and roots of berseem clover decreased as the levels of soil cadmium increased. The lowest concentrations of iron and zinc were measured in treatment with 100 mg Cd/Kg. Also, Cd concentration in aerial parts and roots increased as the level of soil cadmium increased. The results of this experiment showed that soil inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi and Rihzobium trifolii had a significant effect (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01) on fresh weights of aerial parts and roots, height, number of plant per pot, Fe, Zn and Cd concentrations in aerial parts and roots of berseem clover. The inoculation of soil with mycorrhizal fungi and Rhizobium trifolii increased the fresh weights of aerial parts and roots, height and No. of plant per pot. The highest fresh weights of aerial parts and roots of berseem clover, height, and number of plant per pot were obtained in treatments co-inoculated with Glomus mosseae and Rhizobium trifolii. The highest and lowest concentrations of iron and zinc in aerial parts and roots of berseem clover were measured, respectively, for the treatment co-inoculated by Glomus mosseae and Rhizobium trifolii and control treatment (without inoculation). However, the opposite trends were found in Cd concentrations in the plant. The highest and lowest Cd concentrations in aerial parts and roots were measured in control treatment (without inoculation) and treatment co-inoculated by Glomus mosseae and Rhizobium trifolii (MT), respectively. Bioremediation and phytoremediation are considered as two very safe and necessary technologies which naturally occur in the soil by microbes and plants and pose no hazard to the environment and the people life. The procedure of bioremediation and phytoremediation can be simply carried out on site without initiating a major disruption of normal actions and threating the human life and the environment during transportation. Bioremediation and phytoremediation are used less than other technologies for cleaning-up the wastes and contaminated soils. Microorganisms and plants possess inherent biological mechanisms that enable them to survive under heavy metal stress and remove the metals from the environment. These microbes use various processes such as precipitation, biosorption, enzymatic transformation of metals, complexation and phytoremediation techniques of which phytoextraction and phytostabilization have been very effective. However, environmental conditions need to be adequate for effective bioremediation. The use of hyperaccumulator plants to remediate contaminated sites depends on the quantity of metal at that site and the type of soil. The results of this experiment showed that the Rhizobium trifolii and Glomus mosseae could be used to reduce the soil cadmium contamination. Also, the berseem clover is a hyperaccumulator plant for phytoremediation of cadmium in soils. According to the results of this study, co-inoculation of mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae and Rhizobium trifolii can be recommended to improve the yield and uptake of micronutrients such as iron and zinc in cadmium contaminated soils.

In this research the effects of mycorrhizal symbiosis and irrigation intervals on growth indices and grain yield of two sorghum cultivars was studied. Field experiment was laid out as a split plot factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation intervals as main factor in three levels (7، 14 and 21days) and factorial combination of two sorghum cultivars (Kimia and Sepideh) with three levels of seed inoculation (non inoculation، inoculation with Glomus intraradices and inoculation with Glomus mossea) were considered as sub-plots. Results showed that maximum values of leaf area index (4. 21)، crop growth rate (50. 8 g m-2 day-1) and total dry matter (1852. 5 g m-2) without significance difference with 14 days irrigation interval، were achievedat 7 days irrigation interval. In comparison with non inoculation treatment، Glomus mossea increased leaf area index، crop growth rate and total dry matter up to 17. 4، 11 and 8. 6 percent، respectively. Also، growth indices of Kimia cultivar were superior to Sepideh cultivar. Without significant difference with plants inoculated with Glomus mossea and 14 days irrigation interval، maximum grain yield was achieved at plants inoculated with Glomus mossea and 7 days irrigation interval which in comparison with treatment of non-inoculation and 21days irrigation interval، increased grain yield of sorghum by 56. 47 percent. In general، results indicated that mycorrhizal fungi especially Glomus mossea improved plant growth indices and yield of sorghum under deficit irrigation (14 days irrigation interval).

Heavy metals are important environmental pollutants because of their toxicity, ecological, evolutionary, environmental, nutritional, and is considered as a major problem. Many studies have shown that plants inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi and the use of hormone Brassinosteroids increased resistance of plants to heavy metals. In this study, the effect of mycorrhiza Glomus mosseae and 24-epibrassinolid (10-6 µM) on anise resistance to the stress of cadmium chloride (0, 100, 200 and 800 ppm) were compared. The results showed that cadmium reduced percentage of root mycorrhizal colonization, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll, chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway intermediates containing protoporphyrin IX, magnesium protoporphyrin IX, Protochlorophilid, chlorophilid a and chlorophilid b and carotenoids in the anise plant. Plants pretreatment with brassinosteroid, plants inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae and interaction brassinosteroid and Glomus mosseae increased the amount of the compounds of cadmium chloride concentrations were 100 and 200 ppm. Therefore it can be concluded that Brassinosteroids and mycorrhizal fungi in the this concentrations on plant resistance and mechanisms of photosynthesis have a positive role and plant resistance to cadmium toxicity in this plant.

Identifying the critical time and timing of plant irrigation based on a precise and basic plan is the key to water conservation, improvement of irrigation operations and plant tolerance to water shortage in agriculture. In recent years, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have been used in many plants to deal with dehydration and drought stress. In this regard, an experiment was conducted as split-plot in the form of randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the Yasuj region at years 2015 and 2016. Water stress was considered as the main factor in the form of irrigation after 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm of evaporation from the evaporation pan class A and mycorrhizal fungus was considered as a secondary factor in the form of no application, application of Glomus mosseae and application of Glomus intraradices. The results showed that the interaction of irrigation and mycorrhizal fungi on flower phosphorus, flower yield, biological yield and water use efficiency of Borage was significant. In irrigation levels after 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan, the use of mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices compared to the absence of fungi respectively increased the yield of plant flowers (30.04% and 27.35 %), (90.2% and 90.98%), (93.21% and 94.1%) and (81.73% and 78.86%), also, at these levels of irrigation, biological yield and water use efficiency of Borage flower achieved a significant increase in the presence of mycorrhizal fungus, compared to the absence of mycorrhizal fungus application. Application of both strains of mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices in irrigation levels after 90, 120 and 150 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan compared to no application of mycorrhizal fungus, respectively, resulted in a significant increase in the harvest index of Borage flower (44.55% and 43.36%), (13.21% and 15.96%) and (5.6% and 5.41%) and flower phosphorus (44.69% and 20.45%), (150% and 125%) and ( 267.74% and 235.48%). Mycorrhizal fungus was able to moderate the negative effects of drought stress and increase the above-mentioned traits in those irrigation levels, and based on the results of this study, irrigation treatment after 90 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan + the use of Glomus mosseae mycorrhizal fungi is recommended.

a factorial pot experiment was conducted in the form of a complete random block design with three repetitions under greenhouse condition. The first factor of the study was mycorrhiza at three levels, namely control (no mycorrhiza), Glomus intraradices strain, and Glomus mosseae strain. The second factor of the study included three levels of humic acid, namely 0 (control), 15, and 30 mg L-1. The results showed that with the application of mycorrhiza and humic acid, the number of seeds per plant, seed weight per plant, chlorophyll index, percentage of seed protein content, and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents of leaves increased. The highest seed weight per plant (13.47 g) was recorded in the red beans treated with 30 mg L-1 of humic acid + Glomus intraradices strain and 13.01 g and 13.72 g in the plants treated with 15 and 30 mg L-1 of humic acid, respectively along with Glomus mosseae strain. Also, the highest percentage of seed protein was 26.15% obtained from the treatment with 30 mg L-1 of humic acid + Glomus intraradices and 25.23% and 27.93% in the treatments with 15 mg L-1 and 30 mg L-1 of humic acid, respectively along with Glomus mosseae. Maximum leaf nitrogen content (5.85%) was obtained from the application of 30 mg L-1 of humic acid with Glomus mosseae. Mycorrhizae and humic acid seem to be able to improve the yield and yield components of red beans by providing nutrients to the plant

To evaluate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices) and Mesorhizobium Ciceri bacteria at three soil moisture levels [28% (field capacity, FC), 15% (-5 bar suction) and 9% (-10 bar tension) by weight] on morphological properties of root and aerial parts of chickpea, a greenhouse factorial experiment, arranged as a complete randomized design, was conducted in a sterilized soil. Results showed that moisture treatment had significance effect on number of pods, number of seeds, fresh and dry weight of root and aerial parts, plant height and root length and volume. Application of Mesorhizobium was effective on number of nodes, number of pods, number of seeds, fresh and dry weight of root and aerial parts, plant height, root length and volume. Glomus mosseae had significant effect on plant height. Interaction of moisture and AM fungi was significant on fresh and dry weight of root and aerial parts. Interaction effect of Mesorhizobium and soil moisture was only significant on number of nodes. In general, the highest fresh and dry weight of aerial parts (44.6 and 10.53 grams, respectively) was obtained by inoculation of chickpea by rhizobium bacteria and Glomus mosseae at FC moisture level, and AM fungi Glomus mosseae was more efficient compared to Glomus intraradices in both drought stress and without stress conditions.

n order to investigate AMF and phosphorus fertilizer effects on bitter gourd under different irrigation regimes, an experiment was conducted in the research farm of the faculty of agriculture of Tarbiat Modares university in 2020 as a split factorial based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Three irrigation regimes including full irrigation, moderate irrigation deficit, and severe irrigation deficit were randomized in the main plot units and the factorial combination of two species of fungi Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices along with control (without fungi) and an amount of phosphorus with a control without phosphorus was randomly placed in the sub-plot units. The results showed that under water dificit stress, fruit yield, total chlorophyll, leaf phosphorus, and colonization percentage decreased compared to full irrigation, and proline, MDA, leaf ion leakage, CAT and APX enzymes, and coumaric acid increased. The use of AMF and phosphorus fertilizer under full and low irrigation conditions reduced MDA and improved fruit yield and the other investigated plant traits. The highest fruit yield (3133.27 g.m-2) was allocated to the plants under inoculation with Glomus mosseae species and phosphorus application under full irrigation regime. The highest amount of fruit coumaric acid (almost 11 ppm) was obsereved in inoculated plants with Glomus mosseae species and application and non-application of phosphorus fertilizer under severe irrigation deficit. According to the obtained results, it is possible to suggest the use of two species of Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices and sufficient phosphorus element to improve the yield and quality of bitter gourd fruit under water dificit stress and full irrigation.

A pot experiment was conducted to determine the phytoextractive ability of alfalfa plants both inoculated (I) and non-inoculated (I0) with Glomus mosseae under different combinations of heavy metal pollution. Alfalfa inoculated and noninoculated plants were exposed to Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Cobalt (Co), Cd*Co, Cd*Pb, Pb*Co and Cd*Pb*Co in a factorial experiment. The heavy metal concentrations in the leaves, stems, shoots and roots were measured. In inoculated and noninoculated plants, contamination concentration in shoots was higher than in root. Findings indicated that in the triple metal treatment (Cd*Pb*Co) inoculated plants were preferred. This showed that G. mosseae tolerated intensive contamination and transferred contaminants to alfalfa shoots. These results suggest that alfalfa inoculated plants are potentially suitable for phytoextraction of heavy metals in multiple heavy metal stress.