The present work examines the protective mechanisms of methanol extract of Oldenlandia umbellata (MEOU) in carbon tetrachloride intoxicated rats. Rats were treated with carbon tetrachloride at the dose of 1 ml/kg body weight intraperitonially once in every 72 hrs for 16 days. The hepatoprotective activity of methanol extract of Oldenlandia umbellata was evaluated by measuring levels of serum marker enzymes glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The serum levels of total protein and bilirubin were also estimated. The histological studies were also The present work examines the protective mechanisms of methanol extract of Oldenlandia umbellata (MEOU) in carbon tetrachloride intoxicated rats. Rats were treated with carbon tetrachloride at the dose of 1 ml/kg body weight intraperitonially once in every 72 hrs for 16 days. The hepatoprotective activity of methanol extract of Oldenlandia umbellata was evaluated by measuring levels of serum marker enzymes glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The serum levels of total protein and bilirubin were also estimated. The histological studies were also carried out to support the above parameters. Administration of MEOU (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly (p< 0.05) prevented CCl4-induced elevation of levels of serum GPT, GOT, ALP, and bilirubin. The total protein level was decreased due to hepatic damage induced by CCl4 and it was found to be increased in methanol extract of Oldenlandia umbellata treated group. Treatment of rats with CCl4 led to a marked increase in lipid peroxidation as measured by malondialdehyde (MDA). This was associated with a significant reduction of the hepatic antioxidant system e.g. reduced glutathione (GSH) and Catalase. These biochemical alterations resulting from CCl4 administration were significantly (p< 0.05) inhibited by pretreatment with methanol extract of Oldenlandia umbellata. The results are comparable with standard drug silymarin. A comparative histopathological study of liver exhibited almost normal architecture, as compared to CCl4 treated control group. These data suggest that the methanol extract of Oldenlandia umbellata may act as a hepatoprotective and antioxidant agent.

The ethanolic extract of Ficus carica leaves was screened for hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity in hepatotoxic Albino rats induced via carbon tetrachloride. The degree of protection was measured by estimating biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), total protein (TP), total albumin (TA), alkaline phosphatase (ALKP) and the level of total serum bilirubin. The extract in addition reduced CCl4 induced lipid peroxidation in-vivo and in-vitro. The ethanolic extract (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg) exhibited significant hepatoprotection in carbon tetrachloride intoxicated rats in a dose dependant manner. The hepatoprotective effects of the extract were comparable with the standard drug silymarin (10 mg/kg body weight, IP).

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles have received growing attention for several biomedical applications. Nanoparticles proposed for these applications possess the potential to interact with biological components such as the blood, cells/ tissues following their administration into the body. Hence we carried out in vivo investigations in Swiss Albino Mice to understand the interaction of ZnO nanorods with the biological components following intravenous and oral routes of administration to assess nanoparticles safety. Intravenously injected ZnO nanorods were found to induce the significant reduction in the red blood cells and platelet counts. Elevated levels of serum enzymes such as serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase were observed following intravenous and oral administration. Also, increased levels (p

Standardization of induction of oxidative stress with Fenton mixture (FM) in isolated perfused rat kidney and the antioxidant effect of Terminalia arjuna bark in the isolated oxidatively stressed rat kidney has been evaluated. Six groups each containing eight isolated perfused rat kidneys were used for the present study and the oxidative stress was induced by perfusing the isolated kidneys with FM. The antioxidant effect of Terminalia arjuna at the dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg was evaluated in oxidative stress induced isolated kidneys. A significant (P<0.05) increase in lipid peroxidation, gluatamate pyruvate transaminase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase were observed in oxidative stress induced isolated kidney. On perfusion with extract, the oxidative stress was decreased with increasing in antioxidants while the marker enzymes were found to maintain the normal level. It was concluded from the present study that hydroalcholic extract of Terminalia arjuna bark at the dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg showed significant antioxidant potential in isolated perfused rat kidneys.

This study was designed to explore the protective effects of Abrus precatorius L. (Leguminosae) (AP) in HepG2 cells and N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) induced hepatocellular carcinoma in Swiss albino rats. The effects of aqueous/ethanolic (50%) extract of AP on hepatic markers, haematological and histopathological parameters, and antioxidant enzymes were evaluated in NDEA (200 mg/kg and CCl4, 3 ml/kg body weight) induced experimental hepatocarcinogenesis in Swiss albino rats. In addition, cytotoxicity of the extract and its effect on the expression on p53 were studied in human hepatoma cell line (HepG2). Results obtained from cytotoxicity studies showed that the AP extract has strong cytotoxic effects on HepG2 cells. The expression of p53 was markedly increased and maintained at high level from 6-12 hr with 100 µg/ml of AP extract. A decrease in the mean and relative liver weights in AP extract treated group at a dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg was observed compared to the control group. It was also demonstrated that AP extract provided significant protection against hepatic lipid peroxidation and increased antioxidant enzymes’ activities such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and reduced glutathione levels. In a dose-dependent manner, the AP extract reduced the NDEA-induced elevated levels of various hepatic markers such as serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin and gamma glutamate transpeptidase. The haematological paremater viz. RBC, WBC and haemaglobin was restored upon treatment with AP extract at 100 and 200 mg/kg. Histopathology of the liver was also carried out to mark the pathological changes in groups under study. The results of these studies demonstrate the protective effect of AP extract against NDEA induced hepatocarcinogenesis in Swiss albino rats and in HepG2 cell.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ethanolic extract of the whole plant of Phyllanthus rheedii wight P.rheedii as antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant effect in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Male Wistar rats were administered P.rheedii (250 mg/kg) orally for 21 days and blood glucose level was measured weekly. At the end of 21 days, the serum lipid metabolites such as total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoproteins (HDL) and protein metabolites such as total protein, albumin, globulin and albumin:globulin ratio (A:G) enzyme level viz serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were determined. In order to determine antioxidant activity of extract, liver tissues were homogenized in ice cold saline buffer and the assay of lipid peroxides (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were performed in control, STZ and extract treated rats. All these effects were compared with glibenclamide as a reference antidiabetic drug. Oral administration of P.rheedii for 21 days resulted in a significant reduction in blood glucose level, lipid metabolism and enzymes level and significant improvement in LPO, SOD and catalase in liver tissues of STZ induced diabetic rats when compared with untreated diabetic rats. The protein metabolites were significantly altered near to normal. The effects produced by the extract were comparable to that of glibenclamide.In conclusion The P.rheedii showed significant antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidants effect in STZ induced diabetic rats.

Treatment of diseases with natural remedies is gaining popularity because of its fewer side effects. A systemic and scientific investigation of aqueous extract of Euphorbia tirucalli for its antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential against carbon-tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage in rats was carried out. Antioxidant property was assessed by using reducing property, superoxide anion scavanging and hydroxyl radical scavenging property. Hepato-protective property was assessed by measuring the extent of reversal of enhanced biochemical markers of hepatitis, like Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase, Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase, Alkaline phosphatase ALP, Biluribin, cholesterol, triglycerides and also by estimating the tissue glutathione (GSH) levels and the extent of reduction in the tissue lipid peroxidation. The aqueous extract has demonstrated dose-dependant invitro antioxidant property (at 20 mg, 40 mg, 60 mg, 80 mg, 100 mg) in all the models of the study. Similarly, aqueous extract of Euphorbia tirucalli at the doses of 125mg/kg and 250mg/kg produced significant hepatoprotective effect by decreasing the serum enzymes, bilirubin, cholesterol, triglycerides and tissue lipid peroxidation, while it significantly increased the levels of tissue GSH in a dose-dependant manner. From the present study, it may be concluded that the test extract possesses antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties. The hepatoprotective property may be attributed to its antioxidant potential.

This study was designed to evaluate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of methanol extract of Lippia nodiflora (MELN) in acute experimental liver injury induced by paracetamol (750mg/kg, b.w). MELN at the doses of 200 and 400mg/kg, p.o was administered for 7 days and biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin and total proteins with enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant level were recorded. MELN at both doses prevented the increase in liver weight when compared to hepatotoxin treated control. The higher dose (400 mg/kg) of Lippia nodiflora extract was found to be more effective than the lower dose (200 mg/kg) in paracetamol induced liver damage. MELN produced significant (p<0.001) hepatoprotective effect by decreasing the activity of serum enzymes such as SGOT, SGPT, ALP, bilirubin and lipid peroxidation while it significantly (p<0.001) increased the levels of total proteins, glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in a dose dependent manner. The activity of MELN was compared with standard drug silymarin (25mg/kg), which is a well-known natural anti-hepatotoxic drug and the potency of MELN is more or less the same at that of silymarin. It is concluded that the methanol extract of whole plant possesses good hepatoprotective activity probably by its antioxidative potential on hepatocytes.

There is a rising use of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in goods and in the medical fields but there is concern about the toxicity of them. So in this study spherical AuNPs with 3 different concentrations were applied for investigating their effects in vivo 40 male albino mice were randomly divided into sham, control, 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm groups and were treated by intraperitoneal injection for period of 14 days. Blood was taken for measuring of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGOT and SGPT) enzyme levels and Complete Blood Count (CBC). After the treatment and comparing groups with sham group, in 50 ppm group significant increases on RBC, HCT, HGB, MCHC and in 25 ppm group significant increase on MCHC and significant decrease on MCV and in 100 ppm group significant increase on MCHC were observed. Also in 50 ppm group an increase on SGOT enzyme level was observed. However, it was nonsignificant. By observing the abnormality on the RBC count and SGOT enzyme level in the 50 ppm group, we concluded a slight toxicity effect for AuNPs and the threat potential of their use in human.

Spices are now considered as agents that not only can prevent but may even treat chronic diseases. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of Allium hirtifolium as a hypolipidemic and anti-atherosclerotic substance in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Twenty four adult New Zealand male rabbits were divided randomly into 3 groups of 8 animals each and treated for 60 days as follows. Normal group received basal feed, while the two intervention groups were fed with hypercholesterolemic diet (1% cholesterol) and hypercholesterolemic diet plus A. hirtifolium extract, respectively. At the start and the end of the experiment, fasting blood was taken from all animals. Serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), apolipoproteins A and B, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), glucose and insulin were measured at the end of supplementation period in all studied groups. Atherosclerotic plaque thickness of aorta to media was also determined in all groups. Rabbits fed only with high cholesterol diet showed increased atherosclerotic plaque thickness to media compared to the control group, while the group fed with hypercholesterolemia diet plus A. hirtifolium extract significantly decreased atherosclerotic plaque thickness to media, TC, TG, LDL-C, and significantly increased HDL-C compared to hypercholesterolemic diet group. Supplementation with A. hirtifolium extract did not cause any significant alteration in apolipoproteins, SGOT, SGPT, hs-CRP, glucose and insulin compared to the hypercholesterolemic diet group (p>0.05). Ethanolic extract of A. hirtifolium ameliorates fatty lesions in aorta and may reduce risk factors of cardiovascular diseases.