At the stagnation time, fuel may impact by a variety of paths, including ablator materials, Hohlraum wall, the interaction of the cone-guided lateral surface with imploding fuel, and cone tip material, releasing and mixing their constituent elements into corona plasma and even inside the pure dense fuel. Here, we have parametrically studied the impact of some well-known ionic impurities such as carbon and gold on the physical condition of DT hot spot ignition. The admissible zone of DT hot spot ignition was plotted on the HsTs plane, and it was shown that for a given percentage of gold impurities, the boundaries of the ignition zone gradually increased with increasing internal implosion velocity and at implosion velocities smaller than 1.7×107 cm/s, there exist two individual ignition islands. In the context of the fast ignition approach to ICF, the areal density of hot spots ignition of deuterium-tritium doped with a small concentration of impurity ions of carbon and gold was then extracted by a non-equilibrium ignition model. Accordingly, for a given value in this range, the contour plot of the allowed areal density parameter in the two-temperature model was plotted on the Te-Ti plane. It has been shown that as the impurity fraction increases, the permissible range of ignition decreases rapidly and the ignition conditions become more difficult. The sensitivity of these changes is directly associated with the coefficient of increase in radiation loss power, which is a function of the parameter of the impurity percentage α and the ionization state of the impurity ion, Zimp. Moreover, in each contour plot, the minimum permissible ignition parameter of ion temperature of contaminated DT fuel is also visible.

Researchers and archaeologists have always been interested in the elemental analysis of ancient Iranian coins. However, a systematic analysis of the Achaemenid coins is still lacking. The Iranians minted coins since the time of the Medes. Darius I (552-486 B.C) is the first Achaemenid king have used the coinage system to regulate trade across his empire. The Achaemenid gold coins were called Daric, while their silver coins were called Sigloi. Daric was a thick gold coin, which had a standard weight of 8.4 grams. The gold used in the coins was of very high quality with a purity of 95.83%. The Sigloi weight about 5.6 grams and its purity was more than 96%. The face of the coins carried an image of a Persian bowman, thought it might be the King himself. The flip side of the coins bear irregular indentations. The Achaemenid coins bear no inscription, hence it is not possible to find the date of mintage with any accuracy. The Achaemenid coins were mainly minted in Sardis, Lyida, Lybia, Pamphilia, and Sidon. During the Parthian period (247 B.C – 224 A.D), commerce was carried out with silver, copper, and bronze coins. The face of the coins bore a relatively accurate image or profile of the King, and the flip side typically (for about 5 centuries), bore the image of of Arsaces sitting on a throne and holding a bow. This indicates the respect the Parthian kings held for the founder of their dynasty. The Parthian coins have markings that are abbreviations for city where the coins were minted. From these markings it is clear that coins were minted in Nisa, Dara, Hekatompylos (near present Damghan), Thymbrax (Sari), Syrinc (near Sari), Ecbatana (near modern Hamedan), Susa, Seleucia, Raga (Ray), Marv, Heart, Kangavar and Nahavand. In this work, 27 Achaemenid silver coins and 62 Parthian silver coins were analyzed. The Achaemenid coins and 20 of Parthian coins are belonging to the National Museum of Iran and the rest of Parthian coins are kept in Tamashagah-e Pool Museum. The concentrations of the chemical elements presenting in the coins have been measured using PIXE analysis. This analysis is carried out by bombarding the samples with protons accelerated through a 2MV electric potential to an energy of 2 MeV. The proton beam current that was used in this analysis was between 2 and 3 Nano-amperes. The beam was supplied by the 3MV Van de Graff accelerator belonging to the Physics and Accelerators School of the Nuclear Science and Technology Research Center. As a result of the proton bombardment, characteristic X-rays are emitted. The energy of these X-rays is specific to each element and can be used to identify the elements present in the sample. The number of X-ray photons of a specific energy can be used to determine the concentration of these same elements within the sample. With this technique, one can measure the concentration of Ag, Au, Pb, Zn, Al, S, Cu, Cl, Ca, Ti, Mn, and Fe in the coins with an accuracy of parts per million (ppm). Since the metallic composition of the coins is of most importance in deciding their value, we measured the concentration of metals in these coins. The average concentration of silver in the Achaemenid and Parthian coins, were 91% and 86% respectively. The Parthian coins also contained three times as much copper impurity as the Achaemenid coins and 5 times as much gold impurity. However, the concentration of lead and iron impurities in the Parthian coins were less than those of the Achaemenid coins. The statistical analysis of these coins indicated that the Achaemenid coins can be separated from the Parthian coins through elemental analysis. This analysis also showed that most of the Achaemenid coins in our sample were minted in the same place.

The conditions of ignition and burn of nuclear fusion fuel in the presence of impurities are one of the critical issues in the fuel pellets design. In this paper, the impurity effect of Au heavy nucleus on all ignition processes in non-equilibrium DT plasma using four temperature models in which the shape of photon energy distribution function effects photon temperature behavior has been investigated. This study investigates the negative effects of fuel impurity during hot spot formation and fuel ignition. The results of numerical calculations obtained from the simulation of all effective processes in ignition show that in the presence of these impurities, effective ion charge and as a result the bremsstrahlung radiation is increased, and eventually the fuel efficiency decreases.

In this paper, we calculated the electronic properties of graphene in the presence and absence of the gold and nickelatoms using the density functional theory. The electronic structure, density of states, stability, band gap and spin polarization are studied. Our calculation is performed with SIESTA software. For this reason, we used local density approximation (LDA) and generalized gradient approximation (GGA) to calculate the exchange-correlation potential. The results show that the stability and spin polarization increase while the band gap decrease when the size of graphene increases. Graphene layer doesn’t have any spin polarization but in the presence of impurity, it shows the spin polarization depends on the gold and nickel impurities location. Also gold and nickel impurities defer the flatness of surface. The is hybridization between H(s) with C(p) ingraphene with impurities of gold and nickeland hybridization between Au(d) and Ni(d) with C(p) orbitals.

Recovery of gold and other valuable metals from electronic scrap involves a complex metallurgical flow sheet and requires state-of-the-art recovery technologies that are available in large-scale, integrated smelter and refinery operations. At the end of their use, electronic and other electrical product scrap offer an important recycling potential for the secondary supply of gold and silver into the market. With gold concentrations reaching 200-250 g/t for computer circuit boards, this scrap is an ‘urban mine’ that is significantly richer in gold than the sources of the primary ores today. This paper gives methods of gold and silver recovery from printed circular board. The methods of purification are given and they separate gold from the impurities (tin, copper and nickel). The obtained gold and silver have 99.99% quality.

The aim of this research is to investigate the efficiency of various ion exchange resin adsorbents for selective adsorption of gold from cyanide solutions containing copper. The adsorbents used in this study are to be the strong-based Dowex 21K XLT and Purogold™ MTA1940 resins, medium-based Purogold™ MTA1930 resin, weak-based Purogold™ MTA9920 resin and NORIT GAC 1240 activated carbon. The DLLME+AAS and ICP-MS methods were used to carry out the cyanide solutions contain 36 mg/l gold and 3014 mg/l copper. The obtained results showed that NORIT GAC 1240 activated carbon had the highest gold adsorption (at about 99.2%) and also the highest copper adsorption (81.4%), which increased the impurity level in the system. Among the studied adsorbents, Purogold™ MTA9920 resin absorbs less gold than other adsorbents, but due to the absorption of the lowest amount of copper ions (7.6%) and the consumption of the lowest amount of adsorbent, it can be the best option for absorbing gold in this type of solution.

In the present study، the copper anode slime was leached in chloride media. Then، pregnant leach solution (PLS) was purified using solvent extraction method and Octanol-kerosene solution. HAuCl4. 2L was determined as the extracted macromolecule، and separation of impurities، such as copper، iron and selenium was done in the presence of gold. McCabe-Thiele diagram of Au–HCl (3 M) – Octanol (40% v/v) in O/A=3/4 showed that Au concentration in aqueous phase decreased from the initial value of 200 to 7 mg/L، after 5 stages. Ammonia solution was proposed as the stripper and McCabe-Thiele diagram was presented to obtain the number of gold stripping steps by ammonia solution

Green nanotechnology with the goal of producing sustainable nanomaterials in an eco-friendly approach is becoming an increasing necessity for nanomanufacturing industries. In this regards, biosynthesis is well adopted as a viable method for producing benign nanoparticles for biomedical application. The present study aimed at optimization and study of the effects of external stimuli pH and gold ion concentration on the morphology of biosynthesized gold nanoparticles (GNPs) using Fusarium oxysporum. Based on the central composite design, the experimental method was developed at three levels of the operating parameters; the initial gold ion concentration, cell mass, and pH. The X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy showed that the obtained GNPs were impurity-free while the size and shape of particles were a function of the pH and Au3+ concentration. Also, analysis of variance revealed that the cell mass and initial gold ion concentration have a significant effect on biosynthesis of GNPs. The optimal condition was found at the initial gold ion concentration of 550 µM, pH 3.5, and cell mass of 0.047 mg/mL with the obtained gold uptake of 98.29%. Pseudo-second order kinetics model best fitted the experimental results with the activation energy of 73.8 kJ indicating that complex chemisorption is the mechanism of gold biorecovery. Adsorption equilibrium followed Freundlich adsorption model and negative ΔG value at room temperature suggested that the GNPs can be synthesized at ambient temperature and atmosphere via an eco-friendly and economically viable process.

In this study, the 199Au nanoparticles production parameters have been investigated by a two-part study.The first part is about the indirect method for production of non-carrier-added (NCA) 199Au radionuclide which was investigated both theoretically and experimentally. We applied MCNPX-2.6 code, TALYS-1.9, and ALICE code, aiming to simulate the reactor core of Tehran Research Reactor (TRR) and determining the activity of 199Au by MCNPX code using cross-sections calculated by TALYS-1.9 and specifying the production yield of 199Au. Also, the excitation function of 199Au was calculated via  reaction by TALYS-1.9 and ALICE/ASH-0.1 codes. As the corresponding experimental approach, we worked on the reactor production of 199Au by utilizing  thermal neutron flux through irradiation of natural Pt target for a specified irradiation time of 21 hours and 10 minutes in TRR. Regarding our facilities for evaluating the production yield, two samples of 11 mg and 15.5 mg natural Pt targets were bombarded in TRR. Because the natural Pt target, consists of five different stable isotopes (192Pt, 194Pt, 195mPt, 196Pt, 198Pt), some radionuclides as impurities will be produced during the reactor bombardment. So, using an enriched Pt target will increase the production yield together with a reduction of the impurity production. To separate 199Au radionuclide from the impurities mentioned above, and also to calculate both the chemical yield and the radionuclide purity of 199Au, two chemical separation techniques were applied. In the first technique, 199Au radionuclide was separated from impurities by employing liquid-liquid extraction (LLX) using ethyl acetate. As a result of this separation, the chemical yield of 199Au radionuclide was more than 99%. In the second technique, 199Au was separated by employing LLX using liquid cation exchanger, Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (HDEHP). By applying this technique, the chemical yield of 199Au radionuclide was more than 80% consequently. We calculated the theoretical findings and compared the results with the related experimental values.In the second part of the present study, the synthesis of radioactive 199Au nanoparticles (199AuNPs) have been investigated by the Turkevich method with the aim of produce citrate-gold nanoparticles with different sizes of approximately 50 nm. Possible uses and applications of 199Au nanoparticles in medicine are also discussed.

A new sensitive, specific, precise and accurate stability indicating reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the determination of related substances of telmisartan drug substance. The method was developed to separate possible degradation and process related impurities. The method was developed on symmetry shield RP 8 (150 mm x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µm) column using 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid and acetonitrile as mobile phase in gradient elution. The eluents were monitored at 230 nm by UV-Visible detector. Telmisartan and its eleven impurities were well resolved by using these conditions. The limit of detection (LOD) for telmisartan and each of its impurities (Impurity-II, Impurity-III, Impurity-IV, Impurity-V, Impurity-VI, Impurity-VII, Impurity-IX, Impurity-X, Impurity-XI) were 0.01 (% w/w) and that of Impurity-I, Impurity-VIII were 0.02 (% w/w). The limit of quantitation (LOQ) for telmisartan and each of its impuries (Impurity-II, Impurity-III, Impurity-IV, Impurity-V, Impurity-VI, Impurity-VII, Impurity-IX, Impurity-X, Impurity-XI) were 0.03 (% w/w) and that of Impurity-I and Impurity-VIII peaks were 0.05 (% w/w). Forced degradation studies were performed and mass balance was established for acid, base, oxidative, photolytic, thermal and temperature and humidity degradation conditions. The method was validated as per international conference on harmonization of technical requirements for pharmaceuticals for human use (ICH) guidelines. The impurities (Impurity-VI to Impurity XI) were related to route of synthesis and the developed method was capable to quantify these impurities along with impurities (Impurity-I to Impurity-V) as per United States, European pharmacopeia.