Tadhkirat al-Auliya is the only prose of Attar. This book consists of a main and a supplementary part. There are different opinions about the author of the supplement. Some say its author is Attar, and others believe that someone else wrote and added it to Tadhkirat al-Auliya. This study has analyzed and compared the cohesion of the main section of Tadhkirat al-Auliya with the supplementary section in two sample Tadhkiras; Hallaj Tadhkira from the main section and Khavvas Tadhkira from the supplementary section. The study is carried out based on systemic-functional Grammar of Halliday and Hasan, according to which each text is examined from the perspective of three metafunctions: ideational metafunction, interpersonal metafunction and textual metafunction. In the study of textual metafunction, the method of discourse in the context of the work is discussed. Cohesion is one of the factors that is explored in the analysis of textual metafunction along with other factors. In the study of these two Tadhkiras, it was found that, although the Khavvas Tadhkira is shorter than the Hallaj Tadhkira, the number of cohesive elements in it, except in one case, is higher than the Hallaj Tadhkira and it shows more structural cohesion. It should be noted that these differences are not very remarkable, and when these elements are put together, the results are thought-provoking. The closeness of the number of elements of cohesion reveals the stylistic similarity of Tadhkiras to the reader. Assuming that the author of both Tadhkiras is Attar, this slight difference can be due to the passage of time and the use of new sources, which has led to more cohesion in supplementary Tadhkira.

Systemic grammar is one of the subcategories of functional linguistics developed by Michael Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan, and the "systemic functional grammar theory" was developed to make it practical. In this study, ellipsis as a textual cohesion element based on Michael Holiday's coherence theory has been studied analytically, descriptively and statistically in six prayers (2, 21, 25, 37, 50, 52) of Sahifah Sajjadiyyah. Since ellipsis leaves some literal and semantic clues in the structure of the text, which are retrieved using other parts and elements of the text, it can be considered as one of the textual coherence factors in Sahifah Sajjadiyyah. Taking into account his close relationship with God, Almighty and his linguistic economy principle, Imam Sajjad's (a.s.) has stated his messages in a brief and concise manner, so that communication, transmission of message and quick response to request can be fulfilled in the shortest possible time. Therefore, most sentences in Sahifah Sajjadiyyah are short and concise, and this is due to Imam Sajjad's haste to make a connection with the Creator of the universe and make a request.

Functional Discourse Grammar presented by Hengveld and Mackenzei (2008) as one of the newest Functional Grammar. This theory is mainly based on Dick’s Functional Grammar (1970s). According to Dick, every perfect Grammar should have Pragmatic, Psychological and Typological adequacy. FDG considers a top-down procedures for making speech for the sake of psychological adequacy. For acquiring Pragmatic adequacy, Speech act is considered as the basic element of studying in this approach. Furthermore, In FDG, language is studied in four separated levels in a top-down manner. The order of levels reveals the governing notion of functional and pragmatic units on formal and syntactic ones. Furthermore, FDG introduces a new approach for constituent order which has 84 positions in contrast to Greenberg (1963) 6 positions theory. In this paper, the general principles of FDG and different steps for making speech act is presented by giving Persian examples. Alongside this presentation, some typological behavior of Persian based on FDG and analyzing some Persian grammatical and discoursal phenomenon are discussed.

The teachings preached by Ahmad al-Hasan al-Basri are dangerous to Shi’a beliefs on Mahdism. In recent years, the preaching activities of his followers through cyberspace and face-to-face dialogues have been increased and acceptance of his invitation by few students in Hawza Seminaries has doubled the danger. Thus, to have an analytical approach toward his ideas is of great importance. Ahmad al-Hasan al-Basri who claims to be Imam, the first Mahdi and the promised Yamani, believes that he, just like all the other Imams, is blessed by Divine knowledge and therefore, he is free from any kind of mistake and error. Thus, to show even 1 mistake in his works is enough to reject all his claims. His mistakes can be divided into various categories like those related to the Holy Quran, Hadith, theology, Arabic grammar, jurisprudence and history. This article analayzes his viewpoint which regards all Qur’anic Verses as ambiguous (Mutishabih) and claims that withought referring to the Infallibles, these is no clear Verse (Muhkam) in the Noble Qur’an.

The article“A study on object Nominal Group in Persian by Functional Grammar approach”had considered the role of this group in the metafunctions in this grammar.Objectives detailed include: the parallel scale of the group with classification and analysis of metafunctions,and the influence of the presence and absence of ‘râ’on the ascertainment of place and function of this group.The theoretical framework is on the basis of An introduction to Functional Grammar by Halliday and Matthiessen (2004).We have conducted descriptive-analytical approach and data collection library method as our research methods.The corpus includes of 100 clauses/sentences from a novel by Zoya Pirzad which has been named “I turn off the lights”.The results were obtained specially object nominal group in Persian were considered in this research are aligned and in accordance with Halliday’s opinions in Functional Grammar.The absence of “r┠doesn’t have any influence on the ascertainment of place and function of object nominal group.

A Study on the Characters of “ Souvashoon ” through the Lens of Simpson ’s Narrative Stylistics and Halliday’s Functional GrammarAbstractThis paper employs Halliday Functional Grammar and Simpson ' s framework to conduct a stylistic analysis of Simin Daneshvar ' s " Souvashoon ". The analysis utilizes Systemic Functional Grammar to examine the novel's ideational and experiential meta function, verbal processes, and Mood. Additionally, Simpson's narrative stylistics is employed to analyze the characters, sociolinguistic codes, textual structure, and intertextuality. Data for this research is collected using library methods. The results indicate a significant correlation between word choice, verbal processes, Mood, and the representation of characters in " Souvashoon ". Based on these findings and evaluations, it is evident that the representation of characters can be discerned through an investigation of sociolinguistic codes, textual structures, and intertextuality.Keywords: Narrative Stylistics, Simpson, Functional Grammar, Halliday, " Souvashoon ", Character s

In Search of the Pedagogical Grammar Concept A Historical and Methodological Study Abstract Teaching grammar is considered as one of the most important subjects in second/foreign language curriculums and there have been many disagreements and disputes about it over the past 40 years. During this period, the position of grammar in the language learning programshas been frequently changed. Some approaches have considered the grammar as the central core of the second language teaching, and some have known it as the most important barrier to progress in teaching the second language. The current research investegates the situation of grammar, by reviewing the opinions of individuals as Alan, Dirven, Celce-Murcia, Krashen, Odlin, Ellis, Larsen Freeman, etc. , it has returned towards a logical focus on teaching grammar, a focus that is called as pedagogical grammar. Nowadays, the pedagogical grammar is considered as an independent form of grammar based on its particular audience, different teaching method and adaptation to the curriculum and second language teaching approaches. Keywords: Pedagogical Grammar, Universal Grammar, Systemic Functional Grammar, Communicative Language Teaching, Task-based Teaching

The main purpose of this study is to explain the word order of topicalized constituents in non-pro.making persian topicalization based on Functional Discourse Grammar. Since this grammar does not believe in concepts such as movement, we will also seek to explain this process in base-generated procedures. Therefore, in this study, in order to achieve the above goals, the method of mapping the linguistic elements of sentences containing non-pro.making Persian topicalized constituents in morphosyntactic templates in four absolute initial, second, medial and final positions and infinite relative ones presented in Functional Discourse Grammar was considered. This study is based on a descriptive-analytical method and the examples are taken from selected samples of Persian speech and written texts, which after introducing the mechanisms of this grammar,have been analyzed based on the principles of this theory. The method of determining the order of constituents used in the present study is the dynamic method of FDG that is inspired by the method of determining the word order of Greenberg. In this approach instead of three categories of subject, object and verb, respectively, the concepts of actor, undergoer and predicate, determine the word order of the languages of the world. The results indicate that in marked constituents such as topicalization, considering the communicative intention of the speaker, various elements including ,thematic and non-thematic elements and even predicates can be topicalized and on the other hand, considering that, based on the principles of this grammar, the topicalized constituent in the interpersonal level is given priority in entering morphosyntactic templates, so the topicalization process is not the result of movement, but the topicalized element is produced in base-generated procedures in the same position. The results also show that Functional Discourse Grammar is an appropriate and efficient method by referring to the three principles of iconicity, domain integrity and functional stability in determining the constituent arrangement of sentences containing non-pro.making Persian topicalization.

Due to the fact that the grammatical sources of the Azerbaijani Turkish language are generally based on traditional grammar and no distinction is made between the elements of tense and aspect in this approach, so the present study examines and compares these two elements in the Turkish and English languages based on the Halliday’s systemic functional grammar. In the first stage, the conjunctions of tense in Turkish language and then aspect in the form of English sentences with their Turkish equations were compared and examined and the following results were obtained: in all sources of traditional Azerbaijani Turkish grammar conjunctions -'ir ', "ar / әr And - miş, which actually represent the process of occurrence of the verb, are considered as representatives of tense. In other words, in the Turkish traditional grammar we are faced with a kind of fusion of tens and aspect. On the other hand, in the systemic functional grammar, the aforementioned morphemes are not included in the tens group, but, in the residue part, they play the first role of the predicators, i.e., they express the temporal aspect of the occurrence of the verbs. Also it was found that present tense morpheme in the Turkish language – contrary to the traditional grammar - is represented by the absence of the morpheme ‘- di’, that is, with a zero morpheme which according to the systemic functional grammar is placed in the 'predicator section. Tens morphemes in Turkish, unlike in English, which in some cases appear in the form of integration with lexical verbs, are always connected to the lexical verb base in the form of dependent morphemes.

Systemic functional grammar constructs a grammar for the purpose of text analysis to investigate how grammar is used as a means of making meaning. Grammatical metaphor is one of the language phenomena introduced by Halliday (2004) in the framework of functional grammar. The present work focuses on the application of Halliday’s metafunctional framework in health texts of English newspapers. The analysis of data was conducted through a description of English newspaper texts, based on ideational grammatical metaphor. To this end, the researcher conducted some statistics to this strand of meaning, including frequency and percentage of nominalization type of ideational grammatical metaphor in health texts. The obtained results indicate that health texts of English newspapers are using the nominalization of ideational grammatical metaphor and also transitivity analysis in health texts shows how we can express the same meaning in different ways.