Selection as a factor increases the frequency of positive mutations in some subpopulations and creates selection signatures in the genome. Identifying the selection signatures in animals aimed at promoting economic traits and reducing diseases is one of the main and most challenging research areas in population genetics. This study aimed to conduct an extensive genome scan using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to identify genomic regions under positive selection between diseased and healthy Holstein cattle populations. The data included 145 Holstein cows from Foka. These cows were genotyped using Illumina 30K chips. The cows were divided into diseased (45 cows) and healthy (100 cows) groups. FST and XP-EHH statistics were used in this study to identify genomic regions under selection. The genes identified by FST statistics in both diseased and healthy populations included RAB37, ZC3H10, ESR1, HSD17B6, KCNC4, and ERBB3. Genes identified by XP-EHH statistics in both diseased and healthy populations included AK1, ATP8A1, BTBD1, C1GALT1, CCDC6, CEP295, CLGN, CLSTN2, EHHADH, ERBB4, FRK, GRID2, GRIP1, and LRP6. Most of the genes identified in this study were related to immunity, diseases such as cancer, lactation, skeletal muscles, estrous cycle, feed consumption, sperm adhesion, and growth, which are among the important biological traits and characteristics of living organisms. Further research using an increased sample size in the population will provide a better understanding of candidate genes for ion disease in cattle. Moreover, the design of successful breeding programs will help reduce the costs associated with this disease.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). The laboratory diagnosis of the disease includes various bacteriologic and immunologic methods. Despite the effectiveness of many of these methods in diagnosing active TB, their high cost and time-consuming nature have led researchers to adopt more accurate and rapid screening methods based on specific antigens for M. tuberculosis. The present study aimed to measure specific antibody serum levels against the early secretory antigenic target 6 kDa (ESAT-6) recombinant protein in healthy people and compare it to TB patients. The target population included 27 TB patients and 87 healthy individuals with no clinical TB symptoms. The healthy population was divided into two groups, including positive purified protein derivative (PPD) and negative PPD (35 and 52 people, respectively), using the Tuberculin skin test. The specific antibody level against the ESAT-6 recombinant antigen and the PPD protein was measured using an indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) test. The results of the study showed that the majority of the healthy population with no symptoms of clinical TB and having negative skin test results did not have antibodies against the recombinant ESAT-6 (98%) and PPD (96%) antigens. On the other hand, there was a high level of the specific antibody of the ESAT-6 recombinant and PPD antigens in TB patients (77%). It is notable that in people with positive skin test results, the level of the antibody against the ESAT-6 recombinant antigen and PPD antigen was 94%. The results demonstrated that the ELISA method based on the measurement of antibodies against the ESAT-6 recombinant antigen can be a proper diagnostic method for rapid and accurate screening of healthy from infected people.

Ganoderma is a mushroom renowned for its medical attributes, encompassing hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and immunomodulatory activities. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Ganoderma lucidum supplementation on metabolic profile in adult populations. Articles were retrieved from MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, and Google Scholar databases until the year 2023. Inclusion criteria were all published trials examining the effect of G. lucidum supplementation on metabolic profile in adult populations. The quality assessment and meta-analysis was performed. A total of 13 studies (two in populations with metabolic syndrome, two in type 2 diabetes mellitus, one in fibromyalgia patients, six in healthy populations, and two patients with coronary arterial disease) were included in this study, and seven studies met the eligibility criteria for meta-analysis. G. lucidum was mostly administered as capsules. There were no significant differences among outcomes in between group comparisons of high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, and fasting plasma glucose in the metabolic syndrome population (p value=1.00, 0.90, 0.78, and 0.33, respectively). Within group comparisons among the healthy population, only serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (p=0.03) and total cholesterol (p<0.0001) exhibited significant changes. In conclusion, we observed significant reductions in serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase and total cholesterol levels among healthy individuals following G. lucidum supplementation. However, despite promising preliminary findings, greater sample numbers with a more diverse demographic studies are required to fully understand and uncover any capabilities of G. lucidum in a therapeutic role.

This study aimed to examine the relationship between food security, health and economic growth. These three components together form the vertices of a triangle. How much does food security strategies in a country bring more health to its people? Is the healthy population richer? What is the impact of health on income, and to what extent are income variation among countries characterized by variation in health? Does better nutritional status contribute to faster economic growth?

As the number of patients infected by COVID-19 increases worldwide, and in the absence of appropriate therapeutic drugs or vaccines, it is essential to detect patients with COVID-19 pneumonia at its early stages, in order to isolate the patients from healthy population. Computed tomography (CT) scan seems to be promising in detection of COVID-19 as shown in some studies.

Systemic hypertension is one of the major risk factors of heart failure and especially left ventricular dysfunction. Mild hypertension is mostly asymptomatic and can remain hidden for years. Moreover, it can lead to morphologic changes and functional alterations in the myocardial structure. This study is designed to determine left ventricular morphologic change in mild hypertensive patients in comparison with the healthy population by 2-dimentional echocardiography. During this historical cohort study, 38 mild hypertensive and 37 normotensive participants underwent left ventricle echocardiographic assessment. Being a Smoker or alcoholic, having a history of antihypertensive therapy and some other characteristics were excluded from this study. Student t-test and ANOVA were selected statistical tests for analysis in SPSS19. The mean age of the study population was 47.45 ± 9.35 years. Ejection fraction had a significant difference between the two groups (P< 0.001). Moreover, there was a significant difference between the two groups in interventricular septum and posterior wall in both end systolic and end diastolic phases(P < 0.05). Furthermore, LV mass index of the two groups had a significant difference (P < 0.001). The major parameters of the left ventricle, such as LV mass index and ejection fraction, in mild hypertensive participants were in a worse situation than the healthy group. Therefore, early diagnosis of hypertension in the healthy populations is recommended for avoiding irreversible left ventricular dysfunctions.

Coronavirus 2019 is becoming pandemic and has caused varying levels of anxiety in the healthy population. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the online cognitive-behavioral intervention on health anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and somatosensory amplification in healthy participants with high levels of COVID-19 anxiety. The present study was a semi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design with the control group. The statistical population of the study included all students of Guilan University with high levels of Covid-19 anxiety in the academic year 2020-2021, which were included in accordance to principles of diagnosis of health anxiety in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition. 60 participants were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to either experimental (n = 30) and Waiting for treatment (n = 30) groups. 8 sessions of cognitive-behavioral intervention were provided for the experimental group. Research instruments were Short Health Anxiety Inventory Salkovskis et al, Anxiety Sensitivity Taylor et al, and Somatosensory Amplification Scale Barsky et al. The results showed that cognitive-behavioral intervention led to a decrease in health anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and somatosensory amplification in the experimental group (p<0.01). According to the findings of the study, cognitive-behavioral intervention with emphasis on reducing negative appraisal, catastrophic beliefs, and exaggeration can be an effective way to reduce COVID-19 anxiety in a healthy population.

Microsporidia have been reported as the cause of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients in Iran and other countries. There is no data on prevalence of intestinal microsporidia in healthy population of Iran. This study aimed to provide preliminary data on the present status of microsporidia infection in the local healthy population in Jiroft, Kerman Province from southeastern Iran in 2013-2014.
Fresh stool samples were randomly collected from 418 residents in rural 209 (50%) and urban 209 (50%) areas of Jiroft. All of the collected samples were concentrated with conventional formalin-ether, stained with Ryan blue. Microscopic examination was performed with high magnification on each sample separately for the demonstration of microsporidia spores.
Microsporidial spores were identified in 41 out of 418 (9.8%) samples including 16.41(39%) from rural areas and 25.41(61%) from urban areas. In general, there was no significant difference between sex, age, job, education, and contact with soil and livestock, water supply, gastrointestinal disorders and microsporidia infection among general population in Jiroft.
Intestinal microsporidia infection without clinical manifestations is prevalent in general population resident in southeastern Iran. Appropriate molecular methods are needed for microsporidia species identification.

Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis patients is one of the most problematic issues in this group of patients. These symptoms affect these people's life habits and daily routines. This study compared cognitive functioning in patients with multiple sclerosis with healthy people.
In this causal-comparative study a total of 30 multiple sclerotic patients and 30 healthy people counterparts were selected through convenience sampling. Card Sorting Test Tower of London, Wechsler intelligence test and span of attention and continuous performance test were used. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance with SPSS version 21 software.
Patients with multiple sclerosis scored significantly lower in continuous performance test, the Tower of London card sorting test and the revised Wechsler scale compared with normal, healthy population so the mean scores on the three tests were significantly different in two groups (p Patients with multiple sclerosis have lower cognitive performance than normal population so cognitive functioning improvements should be highly considered in rehabilitation planning of multiple sclerosis patients.

There are some reports about probable association between acute leukemia and special blood groups. Frequency of ABO and RH blood group is different in each population. This study was done to determine frequency of ABO and Rh blood groups in patient with acute leukemia and healthy population. This case - control study was done on 214 patients (132 males, 82 females) that suffering from acute leukemia as case group and 117026 individuals healthy population who were voluntary blood donors as controls in Mashhad, Iran during 2001-07. Age, sex, ABO blood group and RH blood group were collected from hospital files for each cases. Furthermore the results of ABO and RH blood groups of controls were collected. Data were analyzed with Chi-Square, fisher test and Odd’s ratio. The frequency of A, B, AB, O and RH blood groups in cases were 23.8%, 32.8%, 7.0%, 36.4% and 90.7%, respectively. The frequency of A, B, AB, O and RH blood groups in controls were 29.8%, 27.4%, 8.9%, 33.9% and 88.3%, respectively. Odds Ratio test didn’t show association of ABO and RH blood groups with acute leukemia. Odds Ratio test showed association of B blood group with acute leukemia in females (OR=0.571, 95%CI: 0.358-.0908, P=0.021). This study showed although there was not any association between ABO and RH blood groups and acute leukemia but probably females with B blood group are more susciptible toward acute lymphoblastic leukemia.