Dendritic cells (DC) are a key regulator of the immune response, and interferon-beta (IFN-β) is considered an immunomodulatory molecule for DC. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of IFN-β treated DC to induce cytokinesecretion by CD4+ T cells. Dendritic cells were generated from blood monocytes with granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-4 withor without IFN-β. We analyzed the production of CD4+ T helper cytokines (IL-17, IFN-γ and IL-10) in the supernatant of the dendritic cell-T cell co- cultures by ELISA. Wealso studied the effects of HLA-G and costimulatory molecules on immature and matureDC. IFN-γ and IL-17 decreased significantly in the presence of HLA-GbearingDC compared to control cultures (p<0.05). Using the mixed leukocytereaction, we found that DC treated with IFN-β mediated the inhibition of T cellactivation via cytokine production. We conclude that this is important for preventingoveractivation of the immune system.

COVID-19 pandemic has high incidence and mortality, including in Indonesia. One of the prevention efforts is the provision of vaccines, but the ageing of the immune system (immunosenescence) may reduce the immune response to vaccination. Studies reported the decline of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) could be one of markers of immune cell ageing. Besides, the increases soluble CD28 (sCD28) reported has good correlation with membrane CD28 (mCD28), thus it could be used as an alternative marker for immunosenescence. To determine the differences in levels of sCD28, IFN-γ and anti-S-RBD antibodies in the group suspected of having an ageing immune system with the control group after vaccination. Sample consisted of 24 control (healthy adult) and 32 case (elderly and adult with comorbid) subjects. Blood samples were examined for anti-S-RBD antibody, IFN-γ, and sCD28 levels. Analysis of data performed by Median test and Spearman tests. Mean level of anti-S-RBD antibodies, IFN-γ, and sCD28 in case group compared to control group was 33.0 ±17.47 BAU/mL vs. 45.97 ± 23.13 BAU/mL (p = 0.007); 41.61 ± 38.79 ng/mL vs. 98.59 ± 94.31 ng/mL (p = 0.007); and 3.80 ± 3.68 ng/mL vs. 7.81 ± 7.97 ng/mL (p = 0.280), respectively. The anti-S-RBD antibodies and IFN-γ levels are lower in case group and sCD28 is lower in case group although not statistically significant. Anti-S-RBD antibodies after COVID-19 vaccination are lower in elderly or comorbid people than in adults without comorbid because of ageing of immune system.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a severely contagious viral disease in cloven-hooved animals that it causes considerable economic losses in livestock productivity. Vaccination is one of the most effective procedures for control of FMD. One of vaccines performances is stimulating expression of some immune system genes، which called cytokines. In this study، expression changes of IFN-γ and TGFβ1 genes were evaluated in vaccinated guinea pigs with FMD type O inactivated vaccine. Blood samples were collected from vaccinated and control (no vaccinated) guinea pigs in three distinct times. After blood sampling، RNA was extracted and converted to cDNA. For measuring IFN-γ and TGFβ1 genes expression، relative Real-time PCR procedure was used. The results showed that expression of IFN-γ and TGFβ1 genes in the second and third blood sampling were significantly increased in comparison to the first blood sampling. Because increasing of cytokines expression is an indicative of the immune system response، these genes can be used as indicators for testing effects of the recombinant vaccines.

Background and Various abnormalities of the immune system have been demonstrated in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Patients with CKD commonly present with abnormalities of immune function related with impaired kidney function and the accumulation of uremic toxins. Th1 and Th2 cells produce predominantly some cytokine profiles. The aim of the present study was the determination of the levels of IL-13 and IFN-g in sera of end-stage renal disease. The correlations of IL-13 and IFN-g levels with clinical presentation of the disease were assessed. In this case-control study the serum levels of IL-13 and IFN-g were determined by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 30 patients on hemodialysis (HD), 30 patients with chronic renal failure (CRF), and 60 healthy individuals. Renal function was evaluated by measuring serum levels of creatinin, albumin and urea. The serum levels of IL-13 and IFN-g were differed significantly between patients and healthy controls. The serum levels of IL-13 was significantly increased in the HD group than in the CRF and control groups (13.7± 3.9, 6.7± 3.4, 4.5±3.3 pg/ml, respectively) (P=0.001). On the other hand, the IFN-g plasma levels were significantly higher in CRF patients than HD patients and controls (38.8±18.8, 17.4±8.78, 12.5±8.9 pg/ml, respectively). In the HD patients, low production of IFN-g in line with upregulation of IL-13 indicates that Th1/Th2 balance may shift towards Th2 dominance. It is possible that this imbalance contributes to the abnormality of the immune system in HD patients.

Upon viral infection, the release of type I interferons (IFNs) plays a crucial role in limiting viral replication, reducing tissue damage, and boosting both innate and adaptive immune responses. A plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) is a professional type I IFN-producing cell with the ability to produce large amounts of type I IFN quickly. However, when pDCs experience dysfunction or impairment in their ability to produce type I IFNs, the susceptibility to severe viral infections increases. Patients with severe COVID-19, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), exhibit lower levels of pDCs and diminished type I IFN responses compared to individuals with mild or asymptomatic disease. This association between severe COVID-19 and compromised IFN responses extends beyond underlying chronic illnesses. This review will also discuss the dysregulation of the pDC/type I IFN axis in COVID-19 and highlight the critical role of type I IFN-dependent factors contributing to the severity of COVID-19. Additionally, the impact of the IFN signature on a patient’s immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection will be investigated.

The immune system is quite capable to combat tumors and many immunological parameters including cytokines such as IL-12 & IFN-γ play major roles in this regard. IL-12 is also the major cytokine responsible for the differentiation of TH1 cells, which are potent producers of IFN-γ, IFN-γ in turn has a powerful enhancing effect on the ability of phagocytes to produce IL-12 as well as having an important role in cellular immune response. In this study the serum concentration of IL-12 & IFN-γ and percentage of IFN-γ producing cells(CD4+, CD8+, NK cells) in metastatic & nonmetastatic breast cancer patients and healthy adults was evaluated, with the aim of finding out the possible correlation between cytokine levels with disease stage and progression. Since cytokines are produced by all of these cells, cell enumeration may help to find out whether changes in cytokine levels is due to change in the cell number or their function has been altered during disease progression. Patients and Whole blood samples were taken from 50 breast cancer patients prior to therapeutic manipulation who were admitted to Dr. Shariaty & Day general hospitals. Also 26 healthy people were selected as control and blood was taken similarly. According to disease stage patients were classified into non-metastatic(stage I, II) and metastatic(stage III, IV) groups. 30 patients were non metastatic and 20 patients were in metastatic stages respectively. Serum cytokines level(IFN-γ, IL-12) was measured by ELISA. Lymphocyte subpopulation percentage was measured by flow-cytometry using bichromatic specific antibodies(anti-CD4+/CD8+, anti-CD3/CD16+CD56). The research protocol is designed as a descriptive, comparative cross sectional study. The parametric findings were analysed by one way Anova test and the nonparametric data were analysed using Mann whitney and Kruskal Wallis statistical tests. IL-12 level was increased significantly in metastatic group compared to controls(P=0.017), while IFN-γ levels were in the same range as controls. CD4+ lymphocyte percentage in nonmetastatic(P=0.022) and metastatic groups(P=0.037) was decreased significantly compared to control, but there was no significant difference in CD8+ and NK cell numbers. Despite the decrease in percentage of CD4+ lymphocytes in patients(due to activation of compensative hemostatic system and increase in IL-12), there was no change in IFN- level. It seems that increase in serum IL-12 levels correlates with disease progression. However serum IFN-γ level has no effect on disease progression and as a whole no prominent failure was recorded in the cellular immune response of brease cancer patients as compared to normal individuals.

Rescue and preservation of refugees and disaster victims depend on delivering cost-effective, nutritionally sound food options. Utilizing food items enriched with vital nutrients and immune system fortifiers is imperative to bolster and sustain proper immune system functionality. This study explores the immunomodulatory impacts of two emergency rations on the immune system using a murine animal model.  In this study, four sets of ten Balb/c strain mice aged between 4 and 6 weeks, weighing 17.8 to 18.9 grams, were handpicked. Two of these groups were subjected to treatment diets designated as 1 and 2, while the other two groups were provided with control diets numbered 1 and 2 administered at 3 to 4 grams daily over eight weeks. Following the 8-week dietary intervention, blood samples were collected to evaluate interleukin-4 (IL-4), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), immunoglobulin G 1 (IgG1), and IgG2 levels.  The outcomes revealed that the treatment groups exhibited significantly higher IFN-γ levels than their control counterparts. Additionally, the IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio was consistently elevated within the treatment groups as opposed to the control groups. There was a significant enhancement in cellular immune responses within the treatment group, as indicated by an increase in Th1/Th2 cell ratios. Moreover, in the treatment group, there was a significant increase in IgG2 antibodies and a corresponding decrease in IgG1 antibodies compared to the control group.  Based on the results, using emergency rations in mice increased cellular immune responses in both treatment groups.

Modulation of cytokine secretion by phytoconstituents offers a novel approach for treatment of diseases. A class of herbal medicines, known as immunomodulators, alters the activity of immune system through the dynamic regulation of cytokines secretion. Cytokines modulate functions of immune cells, including Th1 (T helper 1) or Th2 responses, responsible for cellmediated and humoral immunity, respectively. Here, we evaluated the immunomodulatory effects of hydroalcoholic extract of shallot (A. hirtifolium) on immune response in BALB/c mouse. Extract of shallot bulbs were prepared and two doses of extract (80 and 400 mg/kg) were injected intraperitoneally within 10 days. Thereafter, splenic mononuclear cells (SMNC) were isolated and secreted IFN-γ (Interferon-gamma), Il-4 (Interleukin-4) as two prototypes of Th1/Th2 cytokines, and TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha) levels were assayed using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. The results showed that shallot extract significantly reduced Th2 and Th1 responses by down-regulation of Il-4 and IFN-γ levels. The extract also reduced TNF-α, the major proinflammatory cytokine. These data indicated the suppressive potential of shallot extract on the signature cytokines of Th1/Th2 subsets and TNF-α.

Lactobacillus bacteria are known as living microorganisms in the stomach, biliary secretions and pancreas. They attach to the epithelial cells and colonize the human intestines. Many probiotics belong to a large group of bacteria called lactic acid bacteria. In according to immunomodulatory effect of probiotics and effect of these bacteria on the effectiveness of immune responses, we proposed the evaluation of Lactobacillus reuteri cell wall and cytoplasmic extract effects on stimulating of IL-4 and IFN γ cytokines production. For this purpose 20 samples of traditional dairy and pasteurized dairy products were collected. Molecular identification was performed using molecular-specific primers. Bacterial DNA was extracted and identification of bacterial species was determined by genetic sequencing of PCR product. Human heparin blood was then prepared and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated. To evaluate immune stimulation, IL-4 and IFN γ cytokines produced by ELISA were measured. The results of this study showed that from 20 dairy samples, 7 isolates of Lactobacillus reuteri was identified. The immune system for the production of interleukin-4 and IFN γ in the presence of cell wall and cytoplasmic cell extracts of Lactobacillus reuteri was not stimulated. Lactobacillus casei extract compared to other two bacteria has the greatest effect on immune stimulation and increased IL-4 production. Discussion and The level of cytokines produced in human monocular cells did not increase after stimulating the immune system. The Lactobacillus reuteri Bacterium will not be used in immunotherapy.

Using molecular adjuvants offers an attractive strategy to augment DNA vaccine-mediated immune responses. Several studies have revealed that an efficient HCV vaccine model should be able to induce both humoral and cell mediated immune responses targeting the conserved regions of the virus to circumvent the immune escape mutants. The beta chemokine Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 3-beta (MIP-3beta) is a key modulator of dendritic cells (DCs) and T-cells interaction, functions during immune response induction and is secreted specifically by cells in the lymphoid tissues.. In the present study, we questioned whether co-administration of MIP-3beta gene could enhance the immune responses to HCV core in DNA vaccination.. Expression and biological activity of MIP-3beta expressing plasmid were evaluated by ELISA and transwell migration assays, respectively. HCV core DNA vaccine ± plasmid expressing MIP-3beta were electroporated subcutaneously to the front foot pads of BALB/c mice on days 0 and 14, and HCV core protein booster was applied to all core-DNA-vaccine received mice on the day 28. Both cell mediated immunity (proliferation, IFN-γ and IL-4 cytokine release, IFN-γ ELISpot and cytotoxic Granzyme B release assays) and humoral immune responses (total IgG and IgG2a/IgG1 subtyping) were evaluated ten days after final immunization.. Mice covaccinated with MIP-3beta elicited an enhanced Th1 biased systemic immune response as evidenced by higher IFN-γ/IL-4 and anti-core IgG2a/IgG1 ratio, lymphoproliferation, strong cytolytic GrzB release and enhanced population of IFN-γ producing immunocytes. Likewise, the humoral immune response assumed as the total anti-core IgG level was augmented by MIP-3beta co-delivery.. These results exhibited the immuno potentiator effects of MIP-3beta plasmid when coadministrated with the HCV core DNA vaccine. Complimentary studies integrating MIP-3beta as a genetic adjuvant in HCV-core-DNA vaccination models are warranted..