Pathology of illegal possession offence shows that there are some challenges. serious different opinions about whether this crime is conditional on the element of ownership or possession of the victim; Ambiguity in the existence of the element of property belonging to another despite the common ownership of the perpetrator; Illegal element presence or absence in the conduct arising from the contract or the execution of right; Disproportionate and vague legal penalties, uncertainty in the implementation of lapse of time are most important shortcomings. Purpose of the research with Collecting and studying data from library sources and judicial decisions and descriptive-analytical method is presenting ideas and reasonable measures based on the balanced protection of private property and public order. The research findings prove that this crime can be committed with elements of ownership or previous possession and with illegal possession of common property by each partner. Presence of illegal element in possession arising from the contract or the execution of right; Necessity to enact proportionate and several punishments are other research findings.

The method and type of cession of public land by the legislator has created illegal possession of the public wealth. It is required to investigate the existing condition and the causes of occurrence of these possessions in legislative criminal policy and formulate policies to reduce these abnormal behaviors. The present study is a descriptive-analytic design via the evaluation of the relevant rules and library studies and it examines the basics of the possession of public land and evaluation of the performance of the legislator in Iran. The studies show the lack of comprehensive, purposeful, effective policies by the legislator in this field. Based on the great power of the legislator in cession of public land and the confusion of the rules in this regard, general policies of the government in land field and its emphasis on the necessity of legislation in the framework of Spatial planning can reduce the illegal possessions of public land.

Defining a new position for the role of capital city boundary in the development process of Tehran metropolis along with considering the structural problems of construction field, illegal possessions and their dominant sectional approach have put the "status quo management along with a picture of the future developments" at the center of attention of academic and executive authorities; accordingly, many executive plans and case studies have been put atop agenda by the pertinent organizations. As a result, it was planned to prepare an article by which proposition of a futurology model of developments of informal settlements in the city boundary become possible. The study aims at analyzing primarily the futurology of developments of the informal settlements in Tehran boundary and offering managerial strategies. The documentary-analytical method was used to conduct the study and various official resources and documents were employed to set down the article. Our findings show that even optimistically we will experience increasing trend of population growth and hence some problems including illegal possessions, illegal separation of lots, illegal constructions and extension of substandard settlements. Thus, the national will to improve boundaries, taking advantage of a pervasive and boundary-pertinent managerial structure in medium and macro levels along with revising regulations and identifying spatial-performance gaps and offering an integrated managerial structure can be some of the useful policies set to adjust the status quo and to decline negative impacts as well as to invigorate the existing material and human facilities in this sphere.

In a lease contract, lessee sometimes acts in order to making construction or planting trees with approval of lessor. Also it is possible that possessions of lessee are done illegally. In these cases, after expiry of the lease, rights of lessee interfere with rights of lessor. Legislator protects legal acts of lessee and not illegal ones. Domination rule necessitates uprooting of cultivation pro landlord unless in accordance with local custom, the parties accept retention it for receiving average wage of land. The study of Egyptian law shows that the legislator of this country has made differences between legal and illegal possessions, but it also tends to maintain the accessions. Other than this, -unlike Iranian law- it does not consider lease as a possessory contract, even though it pays special attention to what lessee has done in good faith.

The article deals with a semantic scrutiny into the meaning of "restitution" of illegally possessed property and its relation to similar concepts. Here "restitution" has been used in its absolute meaning, i.e. "dispossession of a person from property obtained without legitimate and legal cause", and not limited to "returning of the object to its legal owner". Based on this, to establish the truthfulness of the concept of "restitution, there is no need for a private plaintiff to exist - contrary to whose interest such illegal possession runs, rather, the Substitute Asset is classified under the concept “restitution”. The Arabic rule "حرمت اکل مال به باطل" (meaning: prohibition of eating the wrong property) and wide scope of concept of “مال حرام” in the Islamic jurisprudence also supports this Opinion. In British Law, according to the most recent viewpoints, in order for the "restitution" to take effect the illegal possession should not necessarily be to the detriment of the plaintiff or any other third person; rather the axial fact is that nobody’s property is expected to increase unduly. In the Iranian and British legal texts, this meaning of restitution (dispossession of a person from illegally obtained property) has been mixed with similar concepts especially "confiscation", and has created a kind of Semantic confusion. Relying on the priority of meaning over the apparent wording, the article seeks a suggestion to this existing confusion and disparity.

Possession, by title of ownership, shall be taken as proof of ownership (Article 35 of Civil Code); If someone claims ownership versus a possessor, he has to prove it and illegal possession of the possessor (Zil yad). This situation is referred to as Amarah-e-Yad. If it is proved that the claimant was formerly the owner of the property ,by the continuity of it( Istishab of ownership), a conflict arises between Istishab and Amarah and according to the opinion of Islamic jurists, Amarah precedes Istishab, unless the ownership of the claimant has been proved with admission of the possessor. In this case, Istishab precedes Amarah (Article 37 of the Civil Code). This issue has wondered some of the jurists who believe that the proof of the former ownership of the claimant, with any reason, invalids the Amarah; On the other hand, some believe that there is no conflict between current ownership of possessor and former ownership of the claimant and in any case, Amarah precedes Istishab, and proves the ownership of possessor. This article tries to examine the issue from a jurisprudential (Fiqhi) point of view and analyze the Article 37 of Civil Code.

The organization tasked with collecting and selling illegal property has encountered several legal challenges, such as: Legal loopholes that hinder the ability to claim damages for negligence Extended legal deadlines for determining property ownership The multiplicity of possessions and the parallel work of similar institutions A lack of guarantee for efficient execution and timely fulfillment of obligations Insufficient interaction between government organizations     These unresolved challenges have had significant consequences for the organization's material and legal possessions of illegal property, including: Violations of property rights due to improper transportation, storage, or disposal Delays in fulfilling obligations Disruptions in the process of assigning illegal property Increased violations and omissions in securing government property rights Numerous lawsuits Financial losses Confusion among businesses Loss of economic order and security   This article aims to address the following questions: What are the legal challenges faced by the organization for the collection and sale of illegal property? How can these challenges be addressed through legal solutions?   The research methodology employed in this study is practical, objective-based, and qualitative, using content analysis. Information was gathered through library research and field interviews with experts, using a descriptive-analytical approach. The findings of the research reveal that the challenges and solutions can be categorized into three areas: legal, judicial, and executive.   Legal challenges include: Insufficient rules for claiming property damages and determining performance guarantees Lack of timely prevention of violations and omissions   Executive challenges include: The organization's extensive scope of obligations and possessions Parallel work of similar organizations Increase in contraband and prohibited goods Cultural and educational gaps   Judicial and regulatory challenges include: Delays in court proceedings related to property assignment Weak performance of inspection and supervisory institutions Increased judicial cases The complexity and specific characteristics of crimes related to seized property   The organization's establishment law, anti-smuggling law, and customs law have caused confusion for officials, owners, and businesses. The lack of clarity in judicial opinions and the assignment of possessions has also hindered the organization's efficiency. Multiple obligations and the failure to prevent illegal possessions have not only violated the government's property rights but have also significantly impacted the organization's timely performance of its legal duties. This has led to violations and omissions, damage to private property, and disruptions in economic order. Proposed solutions include: Comprehensive amendments to the organization's establishment law Creation of specialized courts Establishment of online communication systems between relevant organizations Training classes and research support Increased communication with scientific authorities   If the organization becomes a member of the anti-trafficking headquarters, the process of determining property ownership can be facilitated, and the volume of prohibited and smuggled goods can be reduced.   Innovations of this article compared to previous research include: Providing legal, judicial, and executive solutions to address the organization's challenges Categorizing executive restrictions to ensure timely fulfillment of legal obligations Suggesting guarantees for more efficient execution to prevent and resolve violations Identifying new areas for future research   The research findings demonstrate that while the establishment of the organization has centralized the collection, storage, and sale of seized property, unresolved challenges, such as the dependence on final judicial rulings for property assignment, have disrupted the process in some port cities. The most significant legal challenges faced by the organization in the third decade since its establishment include: The growth of contraband, counterfeit, and prohibited goods Managers' abuse of legal ambiguities Increase in violations and economic crimes Improper storage of property Spoilage of goods   To prevent further challenges and ensure timely fulfillment of obligations, vague and numerous rules should be removed or modified, the organization's duties and powers should be consolidated in a single law, and clear criteria should be determined for various assumptions of its possessions. By addressing these challenges, financial losses to the government, owners, and merchants can be prevented.

Withdrawal from ignoring the property, which means cancelling the legal action performed based on the principle of freedom and the governance of the human will, is the right of every owner, and the religious legislator has recognized it with conditions. Because of exercising this right, the ownership of the ignored property will be again for its first owner. The main purpose of this paper is to answer what are the effects and rulings of ignoring the property. It is an answer that satisfies the society's expectations from Islamic jurisprudence for such disputes by resolving the disputes between the ignorer and the receiver of the property. Therefore, to achieve this goal, the paper was conducted in a descriptive-analytical method. The finding of this study based on the arguments is that it is permissible only in some of its forms to withdraw from ignoring the property as a unilateral legal act such as a contractual will. That is, this unilateral act is permissible and reversible only when no one has taken possession of the ignored property, but in case of seizure or possession by others, there will be no possibility of withdrawal of the first owner. The finding of this study is to solve some social conflicts when there is a difference between the first owner and the recipient of the property during the conflict of interests. . Another result is the clarification of the ruling on property ownership, which has been left undecided due to withdrawal from ignoring and has been removed from the economic cycle of the society.

The unauthorized alteration of land use was criminalized in 1374 and has been amended in 1385. Although it can be compared with destruction and illegal possession, this offense is defined as a specific crime and has its own elements. There is two kind of unauthorized alteration: the alteration through conducts specified in note 1, article 1, without the permission of the commission mentioned in this note, and through conducts specified in note 4 without obtaining the agreement of the Agricultural Jihad Organization of the provinces and without observance of environmental regulations. To be convicted of this crime two element must be proved: The requirements of regulations related to the alteration of use and the “reserve of continuity of production” requirement is violated. Fencing in Agricultural Lands and Gardens considering that it is dependent on the agricultural sector, is subject to the conducts specified in note 4 of article 1 of Conservation of Agricultural Land and Gardens Act, approved in 1385, and requires the approval of the provincial Agricultural Jihad Organization and compliance with environmental regulations if it is not supposed as an obstacle to the continuation of production. This paper, with a descriptive-analytical approach and taking into account the Conservation of Agricultural Land and Gardens Act, approved in 1374 amended in 1385, as well as focusing on the judicial precedent of the Iranian criminal courts, concluded that, if fencing in agricultural land and gardens prevents the continuation of production in the agricultural sector, the unauthorized alteration offense occurs.

Today, reducing the vulnerability of urban land uses to reduce the amount of damage is one of the most important objectives that city planners and managers are trying to achieve, which is important by using new approaches to crisis management such as passive defense. It is achievable and can be effective in creating a safe environment in cities. Urban flood risk mapping is a new tool that can be used to identify development sites to reduce public risk and damage to land uses. These maps show the condition of residential areas and other uses in relation to floods and state that flood control operations and flood warning systems should be considered in areas that are highly vulnerable. In this research, flood prone areas in the return period of 2, 5, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 500 years in an interval of 5.8 km from the Dez River bed in the central area of ​​Dezful city using HEC-RAS model and ArcGIS software was prepared, for this purpose digital maps with 10 meters accuracy, discharge statistics of Dezful regulatory dam hydrometric station and river morphology features were used in the study area. Since the Dez river basin is a flood zone with a return period of 25 years, the results showed that the maximum depth and speed of water during the flood with a return period of 25 years are 19.47 m and 7.43 m/s, respectively. For the return period of 2, 5, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 500 years, 65.6, 106.3, 1.154, 1.168, 180.6, 192.4 and 208 hectares under flood cover, respectively. It is decided that due to the existence of residential areas and resort uses on the banks of the river, it is necessary to carry out flood control operations and flood warning systems in the parts where more vulnerability is predicted, and in order to Necessary measures should be taken to remove the illegal possessions that have taken place in the bed and privacy of the Dez river.