Changes in consumption patterns of petroleum products in our country and low production rate of propylene in petrochemical refineries need to be considered. On one hand, petrochemical industries are paying attention to propylene production in order to use petroleum products as food. On the other hand, the producers look for alternatives for petroleum products. To overcome these challenges, petrochemical refinery is mentioned as an alternative. This study follows a business oriented approach to survey different scenarios of establishing petrochemical refineries. Despite the fact that petrochemical refineries development based on naphtha cracking or kerosene (which are preferred to aromatics) retains more propylene production and results in investment return rate of 18% in comparison to refineries, taking the business oriented approach into account, an insightful perspective about petrochemical refineries in Iran cannot be predicted.

Drought and heat stress are intensified by the decrease in soil moisture in rainfed fig orchards during droughts, and it is necessary to provide a suitable method to increase the tolerance of trees and the quantity and quality of fruit. Using kaolin at the right time is a way to maintain rainfed trees in drought conditions. In order to investigate the effect of kaolin application time on some characteristics of figs, an experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with four replications at the Estahban fig research station for technical evaluation during 2016–2018 and economic evaluation in 2024. Experimental treatments included foliar spraying with kaolin (late May or mid-July), water spraying (late May or mid-July), and control. The results showed that 5% kaolin foliar spraying at the end of May had increasing effects on the leaf width and the number of syconia in the shoot. Also, spraying kaolin at the end of May improved many physiological characteristics in heat stress, so that with the use of this substance, the intensity of photosynthesis, relative water content of leaves, stomatal conductance and temperature of fig leaves improved to 6. 1 μMco2.m-2. S-1, 73.7%, 0.08 mM. m-2. S-1 and 26.9 oC changed, respectively. The amount of carotenoid pigments, chlorophylls a, b and the total of fig leaves with 5% kaolin at the end of May were higher than leaves without kaolin coating. Although the use of kaolin at the end of May had no effect on the quality of dried fig fruits, it increased the quantity of fruits and yielded up to 827 g.m-3 of tree crown. Therefore, a 5% kaolin foliar application in late May is recommended to reduce heat stress and drought effects and increase fig yield in rainfed orchards. Also, the economic analysis of the results showed that this treatment has the highest net income and investment return rate.

One of the most important issues in modern financial markets is finding efficient ways to summarize and visualize stock market information. The purpose of this paper is to discover a method to reduce risk and increase investment returns. By analyzing the mass volume of Tehran stock market data as a case study, and finding the relationships between the data and the discovery of their hidden information that has a significant impact on investors' decisions; an algorithm was designed. Moreover, the data from the automobile industry and oil products and the index of various industries were utilized from 2018 to 2022, and modeling was done by twenty technical indicators. The results of this research showed that mentioned model has a significant performance in identifying and predicting the sales signals issued at the maximum points and the prediction is done with acceptable accuracy. Portfolio management and capital supply companies can use this trading algorithm to make decisions regarding the sale, purchase or holding of securities.

<span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In this article, the modeling and solution of a cryptocurrency capital portfolio optimization problem has been discussed. The presented model, which is based on Markowitz's mean-variance method, aims to maximize the non-deterministic internal return and minimize the cryptocurrency investment risk. A combined PSO and SCA algorithm was used to optimize this two-objective model. The results of the investigation of 40 investment portfolios in a probable state showed that with the increase in the internal rate of return, the investment risk increases. So in the optimistic state, there is the highest internal rate of return and in the pessimistic state, there is the lowest investment risk. Investigations of the investment portfolio in the probable state also showed that more than 80% of the investment was made to optimize the objective functions in 5 cryptocurrencies BTC, ETH, USTD, ADA, and XRP. So in the secondary analysis, it was observed that in the case of investing in the top 5 cryptocurrencies, the average internal rate of return increased by 9.92%, and the average investment risk decreased by 0.1%.</span></span></span>

There is tendency in capital market to appraisal performance of investment company because it is same as appraisal performance of professional investor. Also investment period was being an effective factor on investment decision but how influence this factor investment company’s performance. In current study same as Morningstar Institution methodology if cases have 66 percentage of specific character, they would be in same group, so basis value of long term and short term investment in balance sheet, sample consist two groups, nine investment companies with long term period and five investment companies with short term period. For appraisal performance of investment company base on rate of return and risk, once base on monthly rate of return of investment company’s portfolio and once base on monthly rate of return of investment company’s stock, risk adjusted measures (sharpe, trynor and Jensen) accounted and research hypothesizes with Mann- Whitney U and T- Student tested. Some of data took from Rahavard-e-novin and Tadbirpadaz databases and some of data take from Tehran Stock Exchange site.

Return on investment is a driving force that motivates and is a reward for investors. Investment returns are important for investors, in order for the entire investment game to be realized. Evaluating efficiency is the only logical way (Before risk assessment) that investors can do to compare alternative and different investments. Measuring real returns (relative to the past) is needed to better understand investment performance. Particularly, the study of past returns has a major role in predicting and predicting future returns. Therefore, the present study seeks to "investigate the effect of the internal rate of return on cash recycling on unusual returns as well as the effect of cost leadership strategies variables on the relationship between the internal rate of return on cash recycle and the unusual returns in the period from 2009 to 2013. In this research, the sample consists of 72 companies that have been selected by systematic elimination method, which is a total of 360 years. In this research, linear regression and correlation coefficient were used to investigate the hypotheses of the research. EVIEWS software has been used to analyse the data and test the research hypotheses. According to the regression results, the following results were obtained: 1. An internal rate of return on cash recycling affects unusual returns.
2. The internal rate of return based on the recycling of cash The abnormal returns affect the strategy of cost leadership.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the economic efficiency of investment in sugar beet breeding research in Iran. The required information including the value and cost of sugar beet production in 2010 and the budget allocated to the sugar beet breeding research were obtained from the Office of Statistics and Information Technology of Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture and Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, respectively. After estimating a function in which the dependent variable was crop value, and the independent variables were conventional inputs (water, labor, seed, etc.) and research expenditure costs, the research rate of return was determined using average production, marginal production, and the rate of investment interest. According to the results, the amount of marginal production of sugar beet breeding research cost variable was 10.93 Rials. The range of variations in rate of return in sugar beet breeding research investment was 48.97% and 37.56% for times lags of 6 and 7.5 years, respectively. Finally, the rate of return of sugar beet breeding research investment in the median of the above-mentioned range was 42.52%. The finding confirms that any investment in sugar beet breeding research in Iran would be economic.

Investment fund managers have been trying to provide more attractiveness for investors by earning higher yields and generating liquidity. The investment rate of return of a mutual fund is obtained from the difference between the issuance and redemption of Net Asset Values (NAVs) per investment unit. However, the Exchange Traded Funds'(ETFs') yield should be calculated differently, and investors must consider the changes in market prices (Not only the NAVs), which are not usually announced through the Ads, so they disregard the investors. Investment fund managers believe that the attractiveness of the rate of return, even to a small extent, leads to over-welcoming of the investors and a faster growth of the funds' size. According to the information available in recent years, investors have shown more interest in fixed-income investment funds, and the growth of ETFs has been significant compared to the growth of total funds, so it can be assumed that investors are more interested in ETFs. Thus, in this research, we will identify factors affecting the development of ETFs, especially fixed-income ones. To fulfill our purpose, we examined all active fixed-income investment funds that are traded in the Tehran Stock Exchange and the Iran Farabourse from March 2021 to September 2023, including 25 ETFs. We analyzed our panel data through ordinary least squares. Analyzing the effective rate of returns of 25 Fixed Income ETFs, which have been active from March 2021 to September 2023, our results showed that ETFs development is significantly related to the fund size, daily price volatility, and liquidity. Despite our expectations, rate of return, fund age, and price adjustment do not have a significant effect on the development of investment funds. The result showed that a higher rate of return did not have a significant effect on the attractiveness and acceptance of investors, but the liquidity of investment units positively affects the development of fixed-income ETFs. We also found that the daily volatility of the final price inversely impacted the fund's size. This is consistent with investors' low risk-taking spirit in fixed-income funds and emphasizes their preference to avoid liquidity risk and price volatility risk.

Recent theories of economic growth treat commercially oriented innovation in response to economic incentives as a major engine of technological progress and Economic growth. Therefore this study tries to determine rate of return of Physical investment and R&D expenditure on economic Iran in during 1968-2009. Finding provided empirical evidence that Labor, Physical investment and R&D expenditure have important and significant effects on economic growth performance. Our estimates suggest that the coefficient of physical investment on economic growth is larger than the of R&D expenditure. As compared with impact of physical capital, the impact of R&D investment on economic growth in Iran is not as strong as, through the lower estimated elasticity values. These results indicate rate of return R&D investment in economic of Iran is much higher than those of physical investment which explains the relatively active R&D investment as compared with physical investment during this period. The short run of internal the average rate of return of physical investment and R&D investment estimated are. 47 and 3.95 respectively. The long run of internal moreover the average rate of return of physical investment and R&D investments estimated are.84 and 66.2 respectively.

Compared to GARCH, ARDL, VAR, and similar methods that are commonly used for stock market analysis and portfolio pricing, the quantile regression has proven to be more advantageous. In this study, we combine the quantile regression with wavelet decomposition to analyze different investment horizons in Tehran Stock Exchange. The discrete wavelet decomposition is used to divide the indices time series into short-term (2-16 days), mid-term (16-128 days), and long-term (128-512 days) horizons. The investment horizons are then accurately studied in a bear, normal, and bull market. Since Iran is an oil-exporting country and its economy is highly impacted by fluctuations in the USD exchange rate return, it is of crucial importance to analyze the effects of oil price and free-market USD exchange rate return on the stock market for investment policy-making and portfolio management. The results demonstrate how the exchange rate return volatility and the OPEC basket price fluctuation affect the stock market. The results illustrate strong evidence on the assumption of a long-term strong positive correlation between TSE and the USD exchange rate return increase.