Farm crops have a crucial role in the agriculture of Kurdistan province. Consequently, studying economic aspects of these crops is of special importance. This study aimed to determine economic potentials of Kurdistan province in farm crops (irrigated wheat, dry land wheat, irrigated barley, dry land barley, corn, beans, irrigated pea, dry land pea, potatos and tomatos) production and trade. For this purpose, the Social Cost Benefit (SCB) criterion was applied. Findings for 2001-2 and 2002-3 farming year indicated that irrigated wheat, irrigated barley, corn, irrigated pea, potatos, and tomatos had comparative advantages in both years by SCB criteria. Dry land pea had comparative advantages only in 2002-3 farming year. According to the comparative advantages ranking by SCB, potato is most profitable crop in the international trading point of views for Kurdistan province. After potatos, tomatos, corn, irrigated wheat and irrigated barley were also found important.

The agricultural sector in Iran has good potential for foreign currency income. But to enter the arena of international trade, requires having the necessary qualifications to join the World Trade Organization (WTO). This study is surveying competitive advantage of main agricultural products of Fars province using a variety of indicators. In this study, Domestic Resources Cost (DRC), Social Cost-Benefit (SCB) and Net Social Profit (NSP) for the major crops that have the largest area under cultivation using Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) were estimated. In this study, In addition to the dollar exchange rate, the results based on euro and equilibrium exchange rates are determined and sensitivity analysis was performed. The results show that respectively, irrigated cucumber, irrigated tomatoes and irrigated corn have the greatest comparative advantage in the production. The irrigated wheat, rainfed wheat, irrigated barley, rainfed barley, irrigated red beans, rainfed lentils and irrigated cotton have not competitive advantage in the three exchange rates. The results of the sensitivity analysis show that this changing has not any effect on ranking and comparative advantage of products dramatically.

In this study، total factor productivity growth of Iran’s pulses (including irrigated pea، dry pea، irrigated lentil، dry lentil، irrigated soybean، dry soybean and irrigated bean) during of farming years 1989-1990 though 2007-2008 had been analyzed، using Nonparametric Malmquist approach. So، amounts of inputs usages include seeds، fertilizers، dung، poison، herbicide، labor، water and acreages and also، output quantity include pulses production had been considered. Results showed chickpeas production minimum TFP growth in mentioned time period. Products like irrigated and dry lentil، irrigated pea have negative growth on the basis of technology variation and efficiency and products like irrigated bean and dry land pea have positive growth in total factor productivity during the studied years. Examining the annual variation and its components show that the highest growth in 2000-2001 was 85 percent and the highest negative growth in 1999-2000 was 36. 9 percent.

Cultivated area, yield and production trend of wheat ¬¬¬(Triticum aestivum L.), barley¬ (Hordeum vulgare L.), potato ¬(Solanum tuberosum L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as the main crops of Kurdistan province were studied during 1983-2006 using time series analysis and the situation of future were predicted for 2006-2021 period. The results showed that the cultivated area of irrigated wheat (18%), rainfed wheat (10.3%), rainfed barley (30.1%), rainfed chickpea (48.2%), potato (42.4%) and alfalfa (9.2%) will be increased; while the cultivated area of rainfed barley (31.1%) and irrigated chickpea (100%) will be reduced. The yield of irrigated wheat (36.3%), rainfed wheat (43.5%), irrigated barley (30.2%), rainfed barley (23%), irrigated chickpea (10.6%), potato (9.3%) and alfalfa (14.5%) will be increased and yield of rainfed chickpea (36.8%) will be reduced until year 1400. Therefore, the amount of production of all crops except irrigated chickpea will be increased during oncoming 15 years. On the basis of results, the rate of irrigated wheat, dryland wheat, irrigated barley, dryland barley, dryland chickpea, potato, and alfalfa production will be 270, 1000, 20, 20, 30, 530, and 270 thousand tones, respectively, and the amount of irrigated chickpea production will be zero at 2021. The reason for reduction of irrigated chickpea production will reduce of cultivated area. Based on results of this study the increasing of yield and cultivated area have a more important role in the increasing of cereal and alfalfa production and irrigated chickpea and potato production, respectively. Thus it can be concluded that although amount of crops production in province will improve during oncoming 15 years, however, due to limitation in arable lands in that province, more efforts should be focused on improving management methods in order to increase crops yield. It is emphasized that the results of this study are the basis of past trend and the effects of some factors such as climate change and administration politics in agriculture was ignored.

Today's always Production of affordable is the concern of farmers and officials. Accordingly, it appears should be in addition to cultural and politic objectives, policy makers considered, farmer's needs and goals together. In this study, was determined crop optimal Pattern the main crops of cultivated in Khorasan Razavi Province Based on Comparative Advantage using the fuzzy multi-objective linear programming method. Next target is intended In addition Crops have comparative advantage, Objective such as maximum profit for the farmer.In this study, the data needed to determine the comparative advantage was prepared from Department of Commerce and FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) website, also data needed to cropping pattern was prepared from 420 questionnaire that completed in Agriculture Organization of Khorasan Razavi in 2012.The results showed that crops irrigated lentils, kidney beans and corn Irrigated due to lack of comparative advantage were Remove from cropping patterns and crop rainfed and irrigated wheat, irrigated barley, Pnbhaby, dry barley, chickpea, rice, peas Irrigated, lentils rainfed and irrigated sunflower due to the low level of comparative advantage with minimal cultivation patterns And crops of sugar beet, tomato, water melon, Irrigated, Irrigated potatoes, Irrigated canola , Irrigated cucumber, Irrigated Onion and rainfed Watermelon has been the increase in the cultivated area compared to the existing model. Thus, the results suggest that in optimal allocation of scarce resources, especially water in crop production, in addition to considering traditional goals in cropping patterns, should considered goal of comparative advantage.

One of the most important factor to produce the crops is realization of continent and required parameters of agricultral products.studying agricultral meteorology can determine potential facilities ,problems and weak points of envirement in different regions and maximize efficiency and exploit of facility and environment.A general Study is conducted on a 15 years statistic of continental elements and identifying enviromental factors(topography,potential,and lands application access to the water ) in 5 cities such as Izeh,Omidieh,Baghmalek,Behbahan and Ramhormoz respect to potantial and capacity of wheat production in east khuzestan. and performing broading wheat planting (Irrigate and non- Irrigate)in this environmant in different pattern model using ability geographical information system( G.I.S) in combination different data layers. Then , plans are classified on the relashionship between all enviromental and positive parameter to plant wheat and crop yeild . These plans separate into Irrigate and non- Irrigate on resulted ability to planting this crop. Then value and resulted plan combinations has specified to geographical data system(G.I.S) envirment on hierachy pattern(AHP).and analyzed data using exel and spss software. phylumFinally,region where have the capacity of l wheat Irrigate and non- Irrigate planting in east khuzestan have been recognized and results show that cities like Ramhormoz and Behbahan have good capicity and envirment to plant wheat Irrigate and Izeh has good capicity and envirment to plant non- Irrigate And Omidieh is not recomonded to planting non- Irrigate we determined the best date of plantin g wheat Irrigate and non- Irrigate all studied cities.

A study was carried out in Malawi to determine the levels of heavy metals in cabbages grown in gardens irrigated with reservoir and tap water. The concentrations of cadmium, lead and chromium were determined in the leaf and in the corresponding soils in order to assess whether the amounts in the soils reflected the accumulation of heavy metals in plants. The results showed that the levels of the heavy metals in both the cabbages and soils irrigated with reservoir water were generally low. The concentration of cadmium in reservoir water irrigated cabbages was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that in tap water irrigated cabbages. The concentration of cadmium in both the dam water and tap water irrigated cabbages was much higher than the levels (0.2ppm) recommended by the European Union for leafy vegetables. The trend was opposite for lead; the amounts in reservoir water irrigated cabbages were lower than in tap water irrigated ones although the two were not statistically different. The higher concentrations in the leaf from both sites (p<0.05) compared to those in the soils could be an indication of hyper accumulation in the leaf. In contrast to cadmium, the concentration of lead in tap water irrigated cabbages was higher than that recommended by the European Union (0.3ppm) for leafy vegetables. There was no significant difference in the concentration of chromium in dam and tap water irrigated cabbages. The significantly higher concentration of chromium in the cabbages than in the soils for both dam and tap water irrigated fields could also be indicative of bio-accumulation of the metal in the leaf.

Three new indices namely: abiotic-stress tolerance index (ATI) (Abiotic-stress Tolerance Index)†, stress susceptibility percentage index (SSPI) (Stress Susceptibility Percentage Index) and stress non-stress production index (SNPI) were introduced to identify relatively tolerant (through ATI and SSPI) and resistant (through SNPI) genotypes under nonirrigated and irrigated conditions. Sixteen bread wheat genotypes (in 2004, under a moderate stress with SI = 0.31) and twenty durum wheat genotypes (2004 and 2005 under a severe stress with SI = 0.57) were studied in field experiments under non-irrigated and irrigated conditions. Yield changes in non-irrigated and irrigated conditions for different genotypes, the primary selection of genotypes for relative drought tolerance or resistance and a comparison between new indices and previous ones were studied. In this paper, “relative tolerance and resistance” phrases are used instead of “tolerance and resistance” because we believe that, generally, there are no complete tolerance and resistance to abioticstress. ATI and SSPI exhibited a positive significant simple correlation with TOL, Yp and SSI, but their correlations with RDI were significantly negative. ATI and SSPI differentiated between relative tolerant and intolerant genotypes better than TOL and SSI in some cases and were considered as a favorite index for the selection of relatively tolerant genotypes. ATI and SSPI are powerful to select extreme tolerant genotypes with yield stability and may be can use of them as parents in conformation to a QTL population for yield stability in two irrigated and non-irrigated conditions, because, both of them are related to relatively yield stability and may be state that a genotype with suitable yield stability carries drought tolerance or other related trait genes. SNPI had a positive correlation with yield changes in both non-irrigated and irrigated conditions and negative correlation with SSI and TOL, therefore, to select a genotype with appropriate, high and stable yield in both stress and non-stress conditions for commercial aims, it is suggested to use SNPI as a desirable index because this index supports stable and high yield in both conditions (especially in non-irrigated condition) simultaneously.

Environmental and economic challenges resulting from the application of nitrogen fertilizers have increased concerns about its productivity in the agricultural systems. This study was conducted to evaluate SSM-Wheat model to simulate nitrogen budgeting with various nitrogen application scenarios (Dry land-without nitrogen, Dry land-low nitrogen, Irrigated-without nitrogen, Irrigated-conventional, Irrigated-high nitrogen and Irrigated-very high nitrogen) in rainfed and irrigated conditions in the wheat-based cropping systems of Gorgan region in Iran in a 21-years period (1990-2010). Results indicated that the average total losses of nitrogen were significantly different among different scenarios. In all scenarios, the proportion of nitrogen loss (81%), as gaseous was more than that of leaching (19%). Nitrogen loss by nitrification ranged between 5.9 and 59.2 kg.ha-1 with average 23.2 kg.ha-1 while nitrogen volatilization ranged between 0 and 14.9 kg.ha-1 with an average 5.8 kg.ha-1. Also, the maximum nitrogen leached was associated with irrigated wheat-high nitrogen scenario that had significant difference with other scenarios. However, the lowest amount observed in the rainfed wheat-without nitrogen scenario that had no significant difference with irrigated wheat-without nitrogen scenario. The highest productivity was observed in irrigated wheat-conventional scenarios (26 kg.kg-1) and irrigated wheat high nitrogen (25.9 kg.kg-1) which was significantly different than the other scenarios. Therefore, irrigated wheat- conventional scenario was identified as suitable scenario in wheat production in Gorgan, Iran, due to cost saving, low leaching, less environmental pollution, adequate irrigation and less fertilizer use.

Drought is a slow-onset and creeping phenomenon that imposes many irreparable natural hazards and affects all climates. One of the important climatic consequences for agriculture is consecutive droughts that occur every few years and reduce the production yield, in particular under rainfed farming conditions. Therefore, this study was conducted to monitor droughts and the impact of agricultural drought on the strategic wheat crop under rainfed and irrigated cultivation conditions in the Bojnourd region. In this regard, to calculate the standardized drought indices i.e. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Percent of Normal Index (PN), and Z-score Index (ZSI), rainfall statistics, and information of Bojnourd meteorological station during the period 2005 to 2019 were used. Likewise, to relate droughts to agricultural products, statistics and information on the area under cultivation, production, and yield of rainfed and irrigated wheat were used during the statistical period of 1983 to 2019. The results of pearson correlation between drought indices and area under cultivation, production, and crop yield of rainfed and irrigated wheat indicated that the lowest (r = 0.23) and the highest (r = 0.73) correlation levels belonged to the ZSI index with irrigated yield and rainfed production with the PN index, respectively. Temporal changes in the area under cultivation of irrigated and rainfed wheat in Bojnourd region showed that the area under irrigated wheat crop cultivation decreased sharply over time (a negative slope for the trend line of the equation), which is mainly due to the decline in precipitations and droughts in the region causing irreparable damage to farmers. The results of variations in the SPI index on the harvest level from rainfed and irrigated fields indicated that the harvest level from rainfed and irrigated fields increased during the wet year while it decreased during droughts. However for irrigated cultivation, the reduction of irrigated crop yield was less severe over drought years probably due to the use of other methods of water supply for cultivation, including drilling illegal wells and deepening agricultural wells.