Khuzestan Province, especially Karun County, is one of the main pillars of date production in Iran. According to the limitations of date palm production in this county, optimal production management, and the efficient use of production inputs are required.  The main goal of this study was to calculate the technical efficiency of date palm cultivators’ management in the whole Karun, as well as the cities in this County including four cities, using a non-parametric approach such as the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. 200 date palm cultivators were selected as samples across the region, 50 date palm cultivators from each city in April 2017 till February 2018. The results showed that Rabie and Shirin-Shahr cities have the most efficient and non-efficient date palm cultivators’ management, respectively. The average efficiency under constant returns to scale assumption was 100 percent, the variable returns to scale input-oriented and output-oriented in Rabie city were 100 and 100 percent, and in Shirin-Shahr city, the average efficiency under constant returns to scale was 97.56 percent, the variable returns to scale input-oriented and output-oriented were 98.69 and 98.04 percent, respectively. In Karun County, the average efficiency under constant returns to scale was 96.62 percent, the variable returns to scale input-oriented and output-oriented efficiencies were 98.66 and 97.57 percent, respectively. In this region, cultivators’ management efficiency can be increased by increasing the awareness and skills of date palm cultivators and educating them in terms of optimal use of inputs.

The increasing population growth along with human activities has led to the booming of waste production.  The selection of inappropriate landfill sites contributes to the increased potential of underground pollutions. The purpose of this study was to zone the underground water vulnerabilities of Karun County in Khuzestan Province to select the optimal landfill site, so that a site with the least vulnerability of aquifer would be selected for waste disposal. Two models were used to zone the aquifer pollution potential, namely GODS and SINTACS. After preparing the vulnerability maps of the two models in GIS software, the appropriateness levels of the sites for waste disposal were prioritized. The results of SINTACS model demonstrated the following vulnerability statistics: 455.22 hectares have no vulnerability potential, 780.84 hectares very low vulnerability, 3281.31 hectares low vulnerability, 12582.4 hectares low to medium vulnerability, 11169.9 hectares medium to high vulnerability, 9449.6 hecaters high vulnerability, 5844.15 hectares very high vulnerability, and 495.72 hectares totally at vulnerability risk. Moreover, in GODS model, nearly 215.576 hectares have negligible vulnerability, 560.544 hectares low vulnerability, 5169.08 hectares medium vulnerability, 37471.9 hectares high vulnerability, and 641.9 hectares very high vulnerability. In both models, the least vulnerable zones comprise a small part of the area (1.03 percent in SINTACS and 0.49 percent in GODS model). This level can be selected as the optimal landfill site (rank 1), while other zones are ranked lower due to their higher aquifer vulnerability levels.

Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) is widely distributed in Iran and around the world. Also, Khuzestan Province is an endemic focus of ZCL. This study aims to investigate the natural infection of sand flies with the Leish-mania parasite in Karun County.

Sand flies were collected from Jangiyeh, Qaleh Chanan, Kut-e-Navaser, and Ghazavieh in the spring and summer in the year of 2019, by installing 60 sticky paper traps each time (30 traps outdoors and 30 traps indoors). Two hundred female sand flies with different abdominal conditions (empty, blood-fed, semi-gravid, and gravid) were exam-ined for infection rate using the Nested-PCR method.

In this study, seven species of sand flies including Phlebotomus papatasi, Ph. alexandri, Ph. sergenti, Ph. cau-casicus, Sergentomyia tiberiadis, Se. sintoni, and Se. antennata were reported from Karun County, with a frequency of 79.64%, 16.96%, 1.07%, 0.18%, 0.36%, 1.61%, and 0.18%, respectively. Only eleven specimens of Ph. papatasi were found to be positive for Leishmania major, with an overall infection rate of 7.8%. The infection of Ph. papatasi was specifically reported in blood-fed, gravid, and semi-gravid specimens, with infection rates of 17.02%, 4.35%, and 14.29%, respectively.

In this study, the infection of L. major from Ph. papatasi was reported. The results can be used in planning the control of ZCL in the study area.

In recent years, fresh water has been increasingly reduced and saline water has been one of the options to help the continuity and stability of agricultural activities. Hence, long-term sustainability of saline water irrigation depends on how to manage it at the fields. Optimal management requires identifying the factors affecting it. In this regard, this study used the descriptive–survey method to analyze the factors affecting the optimal management of saline water based on the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework. The statistical population of the study consisted of all the farmers of the Karun County (N=19720). By using the table of Krejcie and Morgan, the sample size was determined (n= 120). The sample was chosen through the simple random sampling method. Data were collected using a questionnaire. The questionnaire's face and content validity were approved by a panel of the agricultural extension and education experts and its reliability was confirmed by calculating the Cranach’s alpha coefficient (0.65-0.83). The data was analyzed by using the SPSS software. At the first stage the variables was converted to standard scores in order to construct livelihood assets indices. Then, principal component analysis was ran to assign the weights of the indicators. The results showed that farmer's management behavior in using saline water was dominated by technical management manners. Social capital and physical capital were known as the most and least livelihood assets of farmers, respectively. Also, there were statistically significant differences in farmer's management behavior based on their livelihood assets.

1- One of the problems that is important in the waste management is the topic of waste rural landfill site selection and Latex resulting from that in rural areas. The Latex can be because groundwater pollution the contamination vulnerability and groundwater protection assessment has proved to be an effective tool for the delineation of protection zones in area affected by groundwater contamination. So the main objective of this study is waste rural landfill site selection, this study also deals with examining the application of DRASTIC model to determine Potential aquifer pollution in rural areas and zoning maps of vulnerable areas.
2-THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: During everyday lives to resolve their variety of needs, people use materials found in nature in various ways. Always a part or most of the materials cannot be used which recalled unusable waste. The villagers produced the materials in a state of a variety of material, including liquid, solid or gas that is said the waste.
If the solid materials are more than the other types of materials, they are called solid waste or garbage. All solid materials that are useless to their owners or the general public, are useless waste, waste and non-value of maintaining is called solid waste. In the context the aquifer vulnerability concept, the definition by the National Committee of America in 1993can be noted. This committee knows the groundwater vulnerability to pollution, the desire or possibility of reaching groundwater pollutants to a specified location on the system after they came into being in some places above the aquifer level. The term of the vulnerability in terms of conceptual in the hydrogeology are divided to two forms of intrinsic vulnerability and specific vulnerability. Inherent vulnerability Refers to the possibility of contamination in an area without considering specific pollutants. This type of vulnerability depends on the geological features, a region hydrology and hydrogeology and human activities and is independent of the nature of the pollutant. Methods such as Drastic and Sintacs are used to evaluate this type of vulnerability. The particularly vulnerable also refers to the vulnerability of groundwater to pollutants or a particular group of pollutants. That depends on the characteristics of the contaminant and its relation to various factors inherent vulnerability. DRASTIC model is an empirical model that the first time was raised in 1987 by the United States Environmental Protection Agency to assess the vulnerability of groundwater of the United States and is based on the concept of hydro geological situation. This model has been formed from the combination of seven hydro geological parameters affecting the groundwater contamination that includes water table depth, aquifer net recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, unsaturated region and hydraulic. Drastic word also refers to the initials of the seven effective and main parameters in this method.
3- The method of this study is the documentation (library), the field and analytic method. In this study, the DRASTIC model is used for aquifer vulnerability zoning. This model is formed from combining seven hydro geologic parameters. These parameters appear as seven layers in the GIS software that required analyses are performed on. Through preparation of these maps in GIS, we can combine different layers and prepare vulnerability zoning map.
4- In order to create a healthy and clean environment for villagers, comprehensive management of the collection and disposal of waste is required. The Basis of health and hygiene in villages is their cleanliness, and collecting and wasting landfills is considered the first of its interest in the cleanliness that a proper system of waste management will pay to this issue. A correct cycle waste management includes elements responsible for reducing the production, gathering, transportation, processing, recycling and disposal of the production to burial place, that implementation of each of the above steps requires careful planning and design.
One of the important points which should be considered in environmental design of landfill site is the management of leachate and preventing the underground water from being polluted. In this article, given that the drastic method is considered as one of most practical methods of rating in comparison with other methods to determine the potential vulnerability of aquifers to pollution, and uses more parameters in the preparation of model, it is used to assess the potential contamination of underground aquifers to leachate of the waste by the DRASTIC model.
5– Aquifer vulnerability zoning study area map which is obtained from the combination of raster map of seven DRASTIC parameters with respect to the weight of each parameter in GIS, shows that, that the parameters of the water table depth (D), and Nutrition Network (R) are the most effective ways in determining vulnerability. In this map, it has been found that about 88 percent of the desired area vulnerabilities are low and only 2% of the land (total), has had high and very high vulnerability. And 5% have moderate vulnerability and 6% of vulnerabilities are very low. Therefore, it can beside that most of leachate contamination of groundwater in the studied area is in the North and North West. Due to unfavorable disposal sites and how to landfill and by taking the final map (aquifer vulnerability) it is expected that with the support of managers and cooperative people of the area, collection and disposal practices are improved to prevent environmental pollution. Also, this method is useful as a tool for planners and designers for landfill site selection and evaluation of the vulnerability of groundwater aquifer by infiltration leachate from the waste.

Dam as a development infrastructure with an emphasis on the use and management of soil and water, upstream and downstream the rural areas according to Its objectives, the impact are different. Identify and Reviews this impacts on the sustainable development of rural villages with regard to the previous situation, can be very necessary and also to take advantage of the capabilities developed as a result of dam construction and provide useful solutions. Based on the principles of sustainable development, was based on theoretical research. Karun-3 of Dam, Izeh County as one of the largest reservoir dams around the country, especially rural areas, including dams that according to geographical features of the Region have some effect. The study aimed to assess the economic impacts of Karun-3 of Dam, rural settlements and provide appropriate solutions. The research methodology based on the nature is descriptive- analytical and based on the purpose is functional. Through 63 villages around the Karun-3 of Dam, due to different properties (proximity the river and lake, topography, less than 100 meters, 3 km access, staff working in the dam, etc.), 38 villages were selected. The statistical population included 2,531 households, which is calculated using a Cochran formula 334 households as sample and eventually need to increase the the confidence sample, the number increased to 350 households. The resultaccording to t-test for dependent samples showed that the economic development of tourism, employment, industry development, enhance facilities, increase prosperity and purchasing power according to a significant level, the better the condition of rural settlements around after the dam they are before the build the dam. Also, independent -sample t-Test suggest that of significant difference between the upstream and downstream rural areas of in terms of effectiveness on the economic variables. Analysis of variance (F Fisher) variables showed that the effectiveness of dam in rural settlements, agricultural development not only significant variable in case it is true.

Dams as one of the regional and national development infrastructures of each country have different effects on their surrounding regions such as rural areas. These impacts in various aspects and including environmental can be effective in sustainable rural development and its structural-functional framework. These impacts are two kinds. Rural settlements with regard to social and economic structures although in some cases accept positive effects of Dam construction, but their negative effects are not low. Karun-3 Dam in Izeh county as one of the largest reservoir dams in the country from dams is that due to the geographical features, have affected on Surrounding region especially rural areas. due to the current situation in rural areas, Identifying and explaining these effects is essential. The purpose of this research was investigate the environmental effects, Karun-3 Dam on surrounding rural areas.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK : The global organization emphasis on preserve life about natural conditions more than twenty river network of world, that negative effects of Dams construction on these rivers on environment is more of their creation benefits such as agricultural water supply and produce electricity. According to the organization, one of negative effects of Dams construction on some rivers is Waste in use of water in agriculture and the destruction of the natural environment, plant and animal species. In addition, large dams could have Geomorphic and hydrologic impacts on the ecosystem of region. In other words, studies show that dams have Great environmental impacts on vegetation, diversity and change in coastal ecosystems, human settlements and so on. This point is important, the emphasis on suitable management of and a stable with having systematic view. Therefore, proper management of the dam and surrounding regions, attention to sustainable development perspective and systematic view is from basic necessities.
The research methodology based on the nature is descriptive-analytical and based on the purpose is, functional. Among the villages around the Karun-3 Dam were selected 38 villages, with due to Specific geographical properties. The statistical population was 2531 households and the sample using a Cochran formula calculated 334 households and Finally, to increase the reliability sample, the number was promoted to 350 households. The questioning in level of rural household was done. Finally, data after collecting using SPSS statistical software were integrated. In addition, from 38 rural local managers were interviewed and in the form of Grounded Theory, interviews organized and presented. Also on the section of opinions of experts, 100 experts in Izeh County were investigated.
Karun-3 Dam had much impacts in environmental instability on rural areas. For example, increasing climate change at the local level has led., Because the lake of Karun-3 Dam has been to increase parameters such as temperature and humidity in the region and in its result, in addition to direct effects, other consequences has entered on agricultural activities and the general economy. With climate change, Crops cultivation and so on be also experiencing problems that with lack of planning, this issue has been intensified and Agriculture in the region has been reduced. Also cultivable rural land tenure both in upstream and downstream has led to decrease in the agricultural sector. While this section should be developed due to the potential created, but because Rural the agricultural sector has been a downward trend. Of hazards, Dam created many earthquakes in the region. That as a result is the destruction and creation of multiple gaps in rural housings. In addition, rural land use has changed. Also vegetation covers and water resources in many cases has changed and the number of wells has decreased. Based on the findings of qualitative, two factor Increase of local temperature and increase of the hazards is known the most important environmental impact of the dam. Evaluation of environmental variables in rural areas upstream from expert opinion shows, the situation is not only not improved after the dam, but has worsened and this issue shows comparison of the mean scale in after dams Construction (49/2). In addition, the findings showed that at the household level, Karun-3 Dam affected in trend of less favorable environmental variables around villages the upstream and downstream. Amount evaluated variables equal significance level is (Sig = 000/0), it is confirmed. Also Independent sample t-test indicates to better environmental variables villages upstream to downstream with a significance level (Sig = 0/000).
Karun-3 Dam as a big reservoir Dam have been affected in decrease and trend of environmental variables of upstream and downstream villages. But this effectiveness has negative trend, not positive. Environmental variables in upstream rural areas. considering their average was better in before dam. By considering achieved average difference, is less situation upstream and downstream areas in after dam creation and Dam influence have more negative trend. Of course, we can say that this negative trend is the result of mismanagement. In general, the environment is affected by various human phenomena's including development projects. Using the results obtained can be in planning in the field be useful for decreasing the difficulties in rural areas.

Considering the effect of irrigating with Salman Farsi agro-industry sugar cane drain water farms on physical and hydraulic properties of soil, this study was conducted with a random scheme framework at irrigation and drainage research in farm of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. Irrigation treatments were included mixing of Salman Farsi agro-industry sugar cane drain water farms and Karun River water: (1) mixing 75% Karun River water % sugar cane drain water farm, (2) mixing 50% Karun River water 50% sugar cane drain water farm, (3) mixing 25% Karun River water 75% sugar cane drain water farm, and (4) control treatment (100% Karun River water). The irrigation treatments resulting from mixing Salman Farsi agro-industry sugar cane drain water farms and Karun River water in three repetitions and control treatment (100% Karun River water) was selected in one repetition. Physical and hydraulic properties of soil including bulk density, total porosity, field capacity moisture and permanent wilting point moisture, saturated hydraulic conductivity and ultimate infiltration rate were measured in three depths (0-30, 30-60, and 60-90 cm) and during four months. Results demonstrated that increasing the salinity of irrigation water significantly increased bulk density, field capacity moisture, and permanent wilting point moisture, about 7.82%, 25.26% and 23.41% respectively (P

Hydropower plants are one of the sources of greenhouse gas emissions due to the need to build a dam reservoir. In this research, using field measurements, the generation of CH4 and CO2 from the reservoirs of hydropower Dams in Karun basin including Karun-3 and Karun-4 and Shahid Abbaspour dams has been investigated. The results showed that Shahid Abbaspour Dam reservoir with emission of 134.5 grams of carbon dioxide equivalent per kWh has the highest greenhouse gas emissions, and then the Karun-4 and Karun-3 dams, respectively, produced 32.87 and 23.92 grams of carbon dioxide equivalent to kilowatt hours of produced electricity are in the next ranks. Also, the comparison of the greenhouse gas emissions of the studied hydropower plants with alternative thermal power plants showed that the studied hydroelectric power plants produced an average of 7.6% of the thermal power plants replacing carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas. This value for Karun-3 is the lowest and for Shahid Abbaspour power plant is the highest value. These results show that with the construction of hydroelectric power plants in Karun basin, more than 92 percent of greenhouse gas emissions have been saved, which is considered to be an optimal performance for the environment.

Laran County in Highland Zagros in Bakhtiari region consist of two major rivers; Karun and zayandeh Roud and Perhaps one of the few areas of the country that has not witnesed archaeological activities. According to Geographical location and ecological capabilities of the region, it is essential that to know which environmental factors Influence to create, bumping or contribute abandoned sites? This study carried out with descriptive and analytical methods to analyze and classify data using GIS and SPSS software. By examining environmental factors we determined that pasture and water seasonal resources have the greatest impact on the creating and sustaining sites. Four clusters were determined through cluster analysis and classified the sites to have been acted as temporary settlements with the animal husbandry and limited farming. subsistence economy.