Septoria leaf blotch disease (STB) caused by the fungus Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fuckel) J. Schroeter (Anamorph: Septoria tritici Roberge), is one of the most destructive foliar diseases of wheat in the world, that its worldwide damage in outburst years is about 30 to 50 per cent. The pathogen is a bipolar heterotallic ascomycete that its sexual life cycle is repeating during the cropping season when environmental conditions are favorable for disease development. Due to evolution of resistance to fungicides in fungus strains and harmful effects of fungicides for environment, planting resistant cultivars is the most effective method to manage the disease. However, the disease has been spreading around the world due to use of susceptible, premature and semi-stunt cultivars that have been cultivated broadly during the last decade, because of high yield and resistance to some diseases such as rusts. Identify to resistance source to pathogens and selection of resistant genotypes is one of the most basic components in breeding programs for disease resistance. The purpose of this study is comparing the resistance of different wheat lines and identification of cultivars with the highest level of resistance to septoria leaf blotch. In this study the reaction of 40 lines from north humid climate of wheat genotypes and Tajan cultivar for control was evaluated by artificial inoculation in tillering stage in field during 2013-2014 cropping season. For this purpose, separation and purification of the fungus was carried out and prepared inoculation was used for inoculating. Then artificial inoculation was done in cultivated genotypes using infected leaves and spore suspension. Finally, statistical analysis of recorded data and means comparison was performed using SAS software and LSD test. The reaction of wheat genotypes were evaluated by assessing leaf necrosis area and calculate of Area Under the Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC). Analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes for leaf necrosis area at 1% level. The difference is representative of genetic variants between genotypes in susceptibility and resistance to disease. Mean comparison of leaf necrosis area in genotypes according to LSD test put the genotypes in different groups. Evaluation of means comparison showed that line 27 (N-91-6) and 10 (N-92-9) were the most susceptible and the most resistant in leaf necrosis area and infection intensity, respectively. The highest AUDPC was calculated for line 27 and the lowest for line 10. The cluster analysis of genotypes according to the average percentage of pycnidia coverage on leaf surface put the genotypes in two groups. Genotypes with sensitive reaction were in the first group, and the second group included genotypes with moderately resistance reaction. Due to the results of this study, from the used lines, two lines number 10 (N-92-9) and 19 (N-92-18) showed moderately resistance reaction to septoria leaf blotch and other lines placed in susceptible and moderately susceptible groups. Then two lines number 10 and 19 can be used in biotechnology to make resistant cultivars to the septoria leaf blotch disease.

Wheat Septoria leaf blotch disease caused by Mycosphaerella graminicola is one of the most important diseases of wheat in Iran and the world .Evaluation the reaction of wheat genotypes and on the other hand identifying pathogen virulence factors are necessary for a successful breeding program. The aim of this study was to assess the adult plant responses of Iranian bread and durum wheat genotypes developed by Iranian seed and plant improvement institute to Septoria tritici leaf blotch and study on virulence factors of this pathogen in harm and humid conditions in the south of Iran. The study was conducted in Khuzestan province of Iran in two years (2013-2014 and 2014-2015) and included 47 commercial verities and 26 differential lines whit a local pathogen isolate that was collected on a bread wheat variety. Taking notes was performed with a modified Saari and Prescott method in double-digit scale 00–99. From Commercial varieties only 5 varieties were resistant .Even the durum varieties like Behrang and Karkhe were susceptible. Results of differential set showed pathogen isolate of this region has virulence reaction for stb2,stb3,stb4,stb6,stb7, stb8,stb9,stb10, stb12,stb13,stb14 and stb18 genes and for stb1, stb5, stb11, stb15, stb16, stb17 genes is Avirulance.

Breeding experiments initiated with the examination of segregating generations serve as a significant source for creating genetic diversity, continuing with comparing genotypes in preliminary, advanced, and adaptability performance trials. Superior lines require further investigation under real farm conditions. Selected lines, along with common regional varieties, were assessed in performance comparison experiments, categorized as On-farm trials. These comparisons aim to evaluate new lines against traditional varieties concerning higher grain yield, disease resistance, early maturity, and lower water consumption outside of the research station areas. Additionally, conducting these trials on farmers' fields enhances the awareness of farmers, experts, and extension agents regarding the characteristics of new lines. This study aimed to compare the agronomic and quality traits of three promising bread wheat lines (S-98-7, S-98-11, and S-98-22) with the local control variety Merghan in the warm climates of Fasa and Darab during the cropping season 2022-2023. The seed rate was set at 400 seeds per square meter (equivalent to 180 kg per hectare) over 2000 square meters. Data on days to germination, spike emergence, physiological maturity, number of grains per spike, number of spikes per square meter, sensitive to shedding, plant height, lodging, grain yield, thousand-grain weight, and major plant diseases (yellow rust, stem rust, brown rust, septoria leaf blotch, and septoria strip blotch) were recorded. Quality traits related to baking (protein content, Zeleny mix volume, hardness index, wet gluten percentage, gluten index, SDS sedimentation, and hectoliter weight) were analyzed to examine the nutritional value. Results indicated no significant differences in the number of days to physiological maturity among the tested genotypes. Based on the results from Darab, Fasa, and the average of both experiments, Line S-98-22 yielded the highest grain production (10,006; 9,880; and 9,943 kg per hectare, respectively) compared to the control yield (Darab: 9,947 kg per hectare, Fasa: 8,571 kg per hectare, and average of both regions: 9,259 kg per hectare). Observations in both regions indicated no lodging or the presence of leaf blotch diseases (septoria leaf blotch, bacterial strip blotch, yellow rust, brown rust, and stem rust), with only 5% yellow rust reported in the control variety in the Fasa trial and 5% lodging in the control variety in the Darab trial. Ultimately, the Selection Index of Ideal Genotype Index (SIIG) identified Line S-98-22 as the best line based on the evaluated traits across both regions. Regarding quality traits, Line S-98-22 exhibited the highest wet gluten, gluten index, protein content, and suitable Zeleny volume, indicating the best baking quality. Other genotypes also fell within the range of desirable baking quality genotypes. Given its favorable agronomic traits, including high grain yield and drought stress tolerance at the end of the season, along with quality characteristics, Line S-98-22 can be introduced as a new bread wheat variety for warm and dry regions.

Several leaf spotting or blotching fungal diseases occur on forest trees in Guilan province (N Iran). Some of them such as maple tar spot affect health of host trees severely، but many are of minor effect. This study was carried out to identify unknown and less known fungi causing leaf spot and leaf blotch diseases on broad leaf trees in this region. So far numerous fungi were collected. Four species viz. Sphaeropsis mespili (on Mespilus germanica)، Seiridium unicorne (on Crataegus melanocarpa)، Septoria cornina (on Cornus sanguinea) and Tubakia dryina (on Quercus castaneaefolia) and two unidentified species belonging to Cylindrogloeum sp. (on Fraxinus excelsior) and Monostichella sp. (on Corylus avellana) are recorded for the first time from Iran. Furthermore، Phloeospora aceris (on Acer cappadocicum) and Marssonina juglandis (on Pterocarya fraxinifolia) are new members to Guilan mycobiota.

During 2001-2003,the reactions of 23 wheat advanced lines and commercial cultivars were evaluated in the field trials against important fungal diseases, yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis), septoria leaf blotch, (Septoria tritici) and common crown and root rot (Bipolaris sorokiniana and Fusarium culmorum). Results indicated that lines M-78-1, M78-12, M-78-13, M-78-14, M-78-19 and cv. Shiraz were moderately resistant and lines M-78-5, M-78-6, M-78-15, M-78-17 and cvs. Darab 2 and Roshan were moderately susceptible to yellow rust. The rest were susceptible. These scores were different from those previously recorded for these lines and cultivars. These changes seem to be due to the appearance of the new race, 166E134A+. In case of septoria leaf blotch, most genotypes were susceptible except line M-78-6 which was moderately susceptible. In a field trial, this line produced the highest yield and 1000 kernel weight under high incidence of both diseases. This is a good point for recommending M-78-6 for planting in highly infested area. All cultivars except M-78-1 were highly susceptible to common root rot pathogens.

Fungi belonging to the Mycosphaerella s. l. are widely distributed all over the world. Most taxa cause leaf spot diseases، and have considerable impact on cultivation of many economically important crops. On Eucalyptus species، for example، Mycosphaerella leaf spots are one of the major diseases responsible for severe damage in most parts of the word especially outside of their native cultivation range. Mycosphaerella leaf blotches on Eucalyptus have little been studied in Iran. During a study on fungi associated with leaf spots on Eucalyptus spp. several specimens of mitosporic fungi which have been collected from Guilan province were examined and two species viz. Kirramyces epicoccoides and Pseudocercospora eucalyptorum were found to be new records for Iran mycobiota. Moreover، another species of Pseudocercospora is described on Eucalyptus. This species is clearly distinguished from related taxa by its conidium morphology، and appears to represent a new species; however، due to complicated taxonomy of the genus Pseudocercospora (especially on Eucalyptus spp.) further information is required to confirm its taxonomical position.

Fungal leaf diseases are the most destructive factors to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield. Therefore, identification of resistance sources to important fungal diseases is a great importance to increase wheat yield. In order to identify informative CBDP and SCoT markers for leaf rust, powdery mildew and septoria leaf blotch disease, 63 wheat genotypes were planted through the augment design in agricultural research station of Araghimahaleh (Gorgan) during 2018-19. Clustering based on UPGMA, put the genotypes into 3 groups with 24, 17 and 22 individuals. Among the studied genotypes, genotypes No. 49 and 60 showed highest resistance to all three diseases. Association analysis showed that from 16 CBDP and SCoT primers, 99 bands produced in total, which 43 bands were polymorph. The maximum percent of polymorphism belonged to SCoT primers and the minimum polymorphism belonged to CBDP. SCoT11-2, CBDP 10-2 was shown significant correlation with all three diseases. SCoT21-3 was also significantly (P

Almond red leaf blotch is the most important fungal disease that is caused by the fungus Polystigma amygdalinum. Symptoms depending on the cultivar almond trees can be seen almost all year. In this study the effect of 5 fungicides (Copper oxychloride  2000 µg/ml, Bordofix 2000 µg/ml, Mancozeb 200 µg/ml, Bordo Compound 10000 µg/ml, Triforin 300 µg/ml with rep.control) was examined in a randomized complete block design with 6 treatments in 4 replications to control disease in 2009-2010 in Khorasan-e- Razavi province. The degree of severity disease in leaves (from 0 to 9) was the character to be measured. First spraying was performed after petals falling (last week of May 2010) and two spraying next fortnightly intervals. Evaluating  the effect of each compound was carried out with sampling in comparison with rep. control in the last week in September. Comparison of treatments in statistical level of 5% showed that, Triforin and Mancozeb fungicides were classified in the first group, Brodofix, Bordo compound, and Copper oxychloride in second group and control in third group.

Wheat is grown on 6.2 million hectares under different agr-climate conditions in Iran. Of 6.2 million hectares irrigated wheat, Khazar warm humid climate regions (Gorgan, Mazandaran and Moghan) with 350 thousand hectares are the most important wheat growing areas of the country. Productive and rich lands, high rainfalls and favorable temperature and light in these regions provide good conditions for production of high quality wheat yield. In the other hand, due to the presence of important diseases such as yellow rust, leaf rust, powdery mildew, septoria leaf blotch, fusarium head blight and crown and root rots in these regions, introduction and release of high yielding cultivars is rather difficult. Therefore, breeding programs are undertaken continuously in Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII) to develop new high yielding and diseases tolerant cultivars with good adaptability to the warm and humid climate. Line N-80-6 with the pedigree of Luan/3/V763.23/V879.c8//Pvn/4/Picus/5/Opata was selected from the breeding materials obtained through ''North Wheat Breeding Programs'', CIMMYT, Mexico in 1994. F2-F6 generations were evaluated in Moghan Research Station. In 1999-2000, 78 pure lines were selected for further experiments, among them line No. 67 (2071) was superior. These lines were tested in preliminary regional wheat yield trials of north warm humid climate for one year and selected lines were evaluated in advanced regional wheat yield trials for another two years. Line No. 67 with 6.641 tha-1 grain yield compared to the check cultivar Tajan with 5.451 tha-1, was the most high yielding line. Because of resistance to diseases especially to yellow rust and fusarium head blight, this line (coded as N-80-6) together with 16 other lines were selected for ellite regional wheat yield trial (ERWYT-N) and were evaluated for two years in Gorgan, Gonbad, Sari and Moghan. Mean yield of line N-80-6 was 6.183 tha-1 which was higher than yield of Tajan cultivar (check), 5.390 tha-1, and other lines. Line N-80-6 was evaluated for resistance to different diseases in special disease nurseries in different locations under artificial inoculations for several years. It was resistant or moderately resistant to yellow rust and leaf rust, and tolerant to septoria leaf blotch and fusarium head blight. Line N-80-6 is good for quality and contains high molecular weight glutenine alleles null, 7+9 and 5+10. Due to high yield, yield stability stability and compatibility, resistance to diseases and good baking quality, this line was introduced as Moghan 3 in 2006 for cultivation in warm humid climate regions of Khazar, Iran.