The microanatomy of the intestinal epithelium in the Chinese soft-shelled turtle (CST) was studied by light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The small intestinal epithelium (SIE) was single layered or pseudostratified. The enterocytes contained mitochondria or mitochondria and lipid droplets. The enterocytes were arranged tightly in the apical parts of epithelium and connected by desmosomes and interdigitations. The large intestinal epithelium (LIE) was pseudostratified and the enterocytes did not contain lipid droplets. Enterocytes were arranged compactly in the apical part, forming spaces in the middle and basal parts of epithelium. Numerous mucous cells were scattered in the epithelium and there were intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) with their pseudopodia extended into the intestinal lumen. This study provides detailed features of intestinal epithelium in the Pelodiscus sinensis that could be related to function. In addition, these findings are discussed in relation to other vertebrates.

During 6 monthes (from August 2001 to January 2002) ovarian development stages were histologically studied in the rearing ponds of South Caspian Sea (Gomishan). The aim of this study was determining of hormonal inducing time for oocyte final maturing. Different stages of oocyte development (nucleus changes, oocyte diameter and forming of yolk vesicle, yolk granules and lipid droplets) were surveyed. According to the results, stage I, II, III and IV of ovary maturation occurred in July, August, September and October, respectively. From November fishes were ready for hormonal induction.

Stromal cells having preadipocyte characteristics can be isolated from adipose tissue, propagated in vitro and induced to differentiate in vitro toward the osteogenic, adipogenic, myogenic and chondrogenic lineages when treated with established lineage-specific factors. In this research we isolated stromal cells from human adipose tissue and cultured and expanded and examined their stemness by determining their surface CD markers and their ability to differentiate into adipocyte lineage. For isolating ASCs, raw lipoaspirates were washed with sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 5% penicillin/streptomycin. To digest the adipose tissue, aspirates were treated with 0.075% collagenase for 1 h. To differentiate the cell to adipocyte, confluent cells were exposed to adipogenic medium containing α-MEM, FBS, dexamethasone, indomethacin, IBMX, L-glutamin, and penicillin/streptomycin. Adhered cells were cultured for 2-3 weeks with replacing the media every 3-4 days and the ADSC were isolated, cultured and expanded. To examine the differentiation potential of the isolated cell, they were differentiated in specific medium and lipid droplets were appeared within the cells within 2-3 weeks. To confirm the lipid droplet, Oil red O lipid staining was used. In conclusion, it could be taken to serious consideration that, besides, other sourses of mesenchymal stem cell, adipose derived are one the best and promising source being easily accessible and available by noninvasive method, as well as potential of being used in autologous cell transplantation in wide variety of disorders from nerve to cardiac injury from one side and musculoskeletal problem from other side.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT) is the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) in humans. Tuberculosis is one of the top 10 causes of mortality worldwide, resulting in 1.8 million deaths and 10.4 million new cases in 2016. Understanding the fundamental features of MT biology is critical to the eradication of MT in the future. Due to the increasing frequency of antimicrobial treatment resistance and problems in vaccine development, the pathogenesis of TB for its survival and growth is highly dependent on host lipids and stimulated-lipid droplets formation. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) forms heterophilic dimers with TLR1 and TLR6, therefore, recognizing many MT components. Both of these receptors identify the invading antigen and activate downstream protein kinases. Some studies demonstrated that the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) promoter-driven gene expression includes connecting sites for transcription factors, such as nuclear factor-kappa B, CREB, NFAT, and c/EBPβ. The current study aimed to investigate the role of the TLR2 receptor in positively regulating prostaglandin E2 production in M. bovis (BCG) infected macrophages in vivo using a human monocytic cell line THP-1. Our results revealed that MT infection triggers a time-dependent increase in COX-2 expression via pathways involving TLR2 receptor activation and enhances COX-2 expression, leading to an increase in lipid droplet formation and suppression of macrophage activation.

Congenital generalized lipodystrophies (CGLs) are very rare autosomal recessive disorders which have four types.Of the four CGL types, BSCL2 (Berardinelli–Seip Congenital lipodystrophy type 2) is the result of mutations in the BSCL2/seipingene.BSCL2 which is the most severe lipodystrophic phenotype is characterized by generalized lipodystrophy, overgrowth,acanthosisnigricans, hepatomegaly, insulin resistance, and hyper-triglyceridemi. BSCL2 gene is responsible to encode a protein which is called seipin. Seipin protein is responsible for production and accumulation of lipid droplets in the endoplasmic reticulum membranes and their storage inside the cells. Mutation in this gene disrupts theseipin protein. The result is deficiency of lipid formation in the endoplasmic reticulum and causes CGL2 or BSCL2.We here report a 4 year old Iranian girl with typical findings of BSCL2. Molecular analysis of BSCL2 and BSCL1 genes by sequencing method showed a novel homozygous mutation in BSCL2 gene.

Human induced pluripotent cells (hiPSCs) could be established as promising new resources for obtaining differentiated cells for cell therapy. iPSCs have the potential to use as multipurpose research and clinical tools to understand model diseases, develop and screen candidate drugs, and deliver cell-replacement therapy to support regenerative medicine. Here, we demonstrated the ability of human iPSCs to differentiate into adipocyte and osteoblast fate.
In this experimental study, human iPSCs were culture-expanded. HiPSCs were then cultivated in the osteogenic and adipogenic conditions for 21 days after which differentiations were evaluated by specific staining as well as qRT-PCR analysis for related gene expression.
In osteoinductive cultures, the cells formed nodules which were positively stained red following alizarin red staining. In adipogenic cultures, the cells developed some lipid droplets which were positively stained red with oil red. According to qRT-PCR analysis, the bone-related genes including osteocalcin and osteopontin, and also the adipocyte-specific genes such as PPAR and LPL were expressed in the osteogenic and adipogenic cultures, respectively.
Taken together, hiPSCs are pluripotent cells with the ability to differentiate into osteocytic and adipocytic cell lineages.

Quantification of biomass, along with lipid yield and productivity, is essential for utilizing microalgae as an oleaginous feedstock. Several strategies have been evaluated for their effects on lipid accumulation in different microalgal taxa, with UV exposure and nutrient stress identified as key variables. The Chlorella sorokiniana strain BV12 demonstrates sufficient robustness to tolerate 15 minutes of UV exposure, resuming growth within 12 days. The UV exposure temporarily stimulated lipid accumulation pathways, resulting in a 49.10% increase compared to the control. In comparison, nutrient deprivation led to a 51.18% increase in lipid yield, proving to be a more effective method for lipid enhancement in this strain. The increase in lipid yield was attributed to the accumulation of additional lipid droplets, leading to a 40.28% and 50.59% enhancement in gravimetric lipid yield and neutral lipid productivity, respectively. This accumulation also resulted in an increase in cell size. Furthermore, this strain is scalable, as only a 12.18% loss in performance was observed when growing the culture in a 40 L medium compared to flask-level production under outdoor conditions. Notably, the shading effect was negligible, as increasing the depth of the medium had an insignificant impact on total biomass and lipid yield. Fed-batch cultivation with lactose supplementation altered the production profile, increasing lipid and biomass production by 70.64% and 11.48%, respectively, indicating the positive effect of this disaccharide.

Cancer cells are critically correlated with lipid molecules, particularly fatty acids, as structural blocks for membrane building, energy sources, and related signaling molecules. Therefore, cancer progression is in direct correlation with fatty acid metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential effects of common chemotherapeutic agents on the lipid metabolism of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, with a focus on alterations in cellular fatty acid contents.
Human HepG2 and SW480 cell lines as HCC and CRC cells were respectively cultured in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with non-toxic doses of 5-fluorouracil and doxorubicin for 72 hours. Oil Red O dye was used to estimate intracellular lipid vacuole intensity. Fatty acid analysis of isolated membrane phospholipids and cytoplasmic triglycerides (TG) was performed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) technique.
Oil red O staining represented significantly higher lipid accumulation and density in cancer cells after exposure to the chemotherapeutic agents as compared to non-treated control cells. Doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil treatment promoted the channeling of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) from phospholipids to triglyceride pool in both HepG2 (.91% and .50%, P Our data showed that common chemotherapeutic agents of HCC and CRC can induce significant changes in cellular lipid accumulation and distribution of fatty acids through producing highly saturated and unsaturated lipid droplets and membrane lipids, respectively. These metabolic side effects may be associated with gastrointestinal cancers treatment failure.

This study aims to explore the effect of mitoTEMPOL on histopathology, lipid droplet, and mitophagy gene expression of Wistar rat’s liver after injection of streptozotocin (STZ).

Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: Control (n=5); 100 mg/kg BW/day mitoTEMPOL orally (n=5); 50 mg/kg BW STZ intraperitoneal injection (n=5); and mitoTEMPOL+STZ (n=5). STZ was given a single dose, while mitoTEMPOL was given for 5 weeks after 1 week of STZ injection. Histopathological appearance, lipid droplets, mitophagy, and autophagy gene expression were examined after the mitoTEMPOL treatment. 

We found metabolic zone shifting that might be correlated with the liver activity of fatty acid oxidation in the STZ group, a decrease of lipid droplets in mitoTEMPOL and mitoTEMPOL + STZ compared with Control and STZ groups were found in this study. We also found significant changes in PINK1, Parkin, BNIP3, Mfn1, and LC3 gene expression, but no difference in Opa1, Fis1, Drp1, and p62 gene expression, suggesting a change of mitochondrial fusion rather than mitochondrial fission correlated with mitophagy.

All this concluded that mitoTEMPOL could act as a modulator of mitophagy and metabolic function of the liver, thus amplifying its crucial role in preventing mitochondrial damage in the liver in the early onset of diabetes mellitus.

Since insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) is the main substrate of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase and has been detected to activate phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase and promote GLUT4 translocation, the IRS-1 gene is a possible candidate for development of type2 diabetes, insulin resistance, and obesity. Preilipin (PLIN) coats intracellular lipid droplets and modulates adipocyte lipolysis.
In this study, we investigated whether insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and Perilipin (PLIN) genes polymorphism were associated with Type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity, and lipid profiles in a sample of the Iranian population (Southeast of Iran).
In this randomized case-control study (Feb, 2016 to Sep, 2016), we genotyped 200 patients with T2D and the same number (200) of controls by using the combined nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as well as the amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS)-PCR for IRS-1 variant and Tetra-ARMS-PCR for PLIN variant in southeast Iran (Zahedan).
The polymorphism of 4578621 in the PLIN gene was associated with T2D. GG genotype and G allele at rs4578621of PLIN gene were significantly higher in patients than in controls (for the G allele: OR = 2.31, 95%CI = 1.55 - 3.46, P The rs2943641 polymorphism of the IRS-1 gene is a major genetic determinant of obesity but not Type 2 diabetes and lipid profiles. The rs4578621 polymorphism of the PLIN gene related with T2D and TG but not obesity.