Recent studies of public underground parking lots showed the influence of radon concentration and the probable discomfort caused by parking cars.
Radon concentration was measured in semi-closed public parking lots in the six governorates of Kuwait, using Durridge RAD7radon detector (USA).
The peak radon concentration in the parking lots of Kuwait governorates was relatively higher during winter (63.15Bq/m3) compared to summer (41.73 Bq/m3). Radon in the evaluated parking lots revealed a mean annual absorbed dose (DRn: 0.02mSv/y) and annual effective dose (HE: 0.06mSv/y).
This study validated the influence of relative humidity and temperature as the major components of discomfort index (DI). The mean annual absorbed and effective dose of radon in the evaluated parking lots were found below the permissible limits. However, high radon DRn and HE were reported when the assessment included the parking lots, the surrounding residential apartments, and office premises. Furthermore, the time-series analysis indicated significant variations of the seasonal and site-wise distribution of radon concentrations in the indoor evaluated parking lots of the six Kuwait governorates

Hydrotime analysis of seed lots allows them to be ranked them according to their potential for successful emergence. An experiment was done on 10 wheat seed lots (N-80-19 cv) to evaluate water potential for determining seed vigor by hydrotime analysis in research field and seed research laboratory on the Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Seed lots were planted in complete block design whit three replications in field. Water potential was created with PEG6000 at seven levels (0, -0.3, -0.6, -0.9, -1.2, -1.5, and -1.8 MPa). Maximum germination percent for all seed lots were same. Because there were significant differences in maximum emergence percent in field for seed lots it was demonstrated that seed lots vigor were significantly different. According to hydrotime model's parameters, the seed lots that had more emergence their hydrotime constant (θH) were lower, but their base water potential (Ψb(50)) were higher. Uniformity constant (σψb) for all seed lots were same. Unlike the maximum germination percent result, the hydrotime model output results showed that there is difference in terms of seed lots vigor among this study's seed lots. This study results demonstrate that hydrotime model has a great ability in determining wheat seed lots vigor. This model can predict emergence percentage in stressful situations.

In Iran, most of experienced foresters are aware of the many factors that influence timber sale prices on roadside. However, there are not quantitative estimates of these factors. In this research, implicit prices of timber lot characteristics were analyzed in Azarroud forestry plan, Shirgah, Iran. To estimate implicit prices, 410 timber sale lots of Azarroud forestry plan in the period 1992 to 2008 were evaluated and incorporated into a dataset. Hedonic Pricing Method (HPM), pooled data multivariable regression analysis of the Eviews 5 software were then used to estimate a model relating transaction price of timber lots to their characteristics. The model explained approximately 86% of the variation in the total sale price using characteristics of timber sale lots and the standard error was around 22875 Rial per m3 (2$ /m3) with average real price of 1027603 Rial per m3 (91$/m3)of lot. Then, the classical hypothesis of pooled least square estimator e.g. residuals normality test were evaluated. ‏The result showed that the pooled least square estimator was usefully applied. As well, the impact of lots characteristics on their sale prices including sale volume per hectare, average diameter of logs in lot, volume ratio of higher price species of group 1 (alder, maple, beech etc.) in lot, number of auction bidders, volume ratio of logs in lots, transport distance to first main road, species homogeneity index (Herfindahl) and side slope were found to be significant (p=1%). Sale volume per hectare and transport distance to main forest roads had the highest positive and negative effects on timber sale lot, respectively.

By using the initial estimation of CO concentration in enclosed parking lots, the designer could design a ventilation system with assurance of producing good air quality. In this paper, the practical correlation of CO increasing due to cars and time in enclosed parking lots is proposed. The proposed model is represents the variation of CO concentration in parking lot according to functional parameters. In addition to air flow ventilation, the effect of CO removal effectiveness on the air quality of enclosed parking lots is expressed in the proposed relation.

High penetration of distributed generations and the increasing demand for using electric vehicles provide a lot of issues for the utilities. If these two effective elements of the future power system are used in an unscheduled manner، it may lead to the loss increment in distribution networks، dramatically. In this paper، the simultaneous allocation of distributed generations (DGs) and electric vehicles (EVs) parking lots has been studied in a radial distribution network. A distribution network which is upgrading and equipped with DGs is considered and these resources'' optimal placement is achieved in interaction with the EV parking lots in order to minimize the power distribution network loss. The proposed method considers not only the loss minimization but also the reliability of the parking lot from the investor''s point of view. The output of this model is the daily electricity demand of parking lot. The proposed method includes two levels. At the first level of the proposed algorithm، the parking lot investor makes decision and selects three candidate buses for each parking based on three main criteria. After making decision by the parking lot investor، the candidate buses are introduced to the distribution network operator. At the second stage، the distribution network operator allocates the DGs and EV parking lots based on the candidate buses of investor in order to achieve the minimum loss of the distribution network. Finally، the effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated by allocating of DGs and EV parking lots simultaneously on the standard distribution test system.

The sharp contradiction between the rapid growth of motor vehicles and the lack of parking spaces, as well as their inadequate distribution in Semnan, have had a profound impact on the quality of life of citizens and the operation of urban roads. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the distribution pattern of existing parking lots and to locate new public parking lots in the city. Data collection is mainly carried out using a library method (text, documents, maps). In order to achieve the research goal, of eight existing parking lots, office centers, commercial centers, tourist places, health centers, educational centers, access to secondary and main passageway streets, the person density per hectare has been used. Also, for analyzing data, we used the standard software and Visual PROMETHEE software, Super Decisions and analytical tools in Arc GIS. Findings and results showed a significant difference between the existing parking lot per capita (0.134) and standard per capita (1.3). The public parking lots in Semnan are not standardized at one level, as the Shahid Rajaee parking lot was rated at 0/222 in the best condition and Tadayon parking was the worst at -0/397 points. Five optimal level of analysis of PROMETHEE was calculated 0.5873, which shows that despite the fact that the four parking spaces of Saadi, Pardis, Shahid Rajai and Public are in better condition than other parking lots, they lack optimal conditions. Are not Finally, for the construction of new parking lots, the land was classified into 5 categories from very suitable to very inappropriate. On very suitable lands, six sites with an approximate area of 16166 square meters, mainly located in inert urban land, were proposed for the construction of a new parking lot.

In this study, a two-echelon supplier-manufacturer system with finite production rate and lead time is proposed. It is assumed that shortage is not permitted and the lot size of manufacturer (second echelon) is m-factors of the lot size of supplier (first echelon) and supplier can supply the manufacturer’s lot size in several shipments in each cycle. So, the production rate of supplier is greater than manufacturer’s. The proposed model aims to determine the optimal lot-size of each echelon such that the total cost of system is minimized. First, the problem is studied regardless of lead time and the optimal value of the lot sizes and the number of shipments is determined through analytical relations. Then, an exact solution algorithm for the problem is presented for the case with non-zero lead time. Finally, the performance of the proposed algorithm is reviewed by solving some numerical instances of the problem.

Providing adequate air quality is an important challenge in enclosed parking lots. Hence, increase of ventilation flow is necessary to improve air quality in these places but not sufficient. According to recent researches, the necessary and sufficient conditions for development of good air quality in enclosed parking lots are both adequate ventilation flow and enhancing the heights of exhaust vents. For investigating this claim, in this paper, the change of CO concentration with height in an enclosed parking lot was investigated both numerically and experimentally. The CO concentration in various heights is obtained numerically, using OpenFoam software, and compared with that of measured experimental data Good agreement between numerical and experimental results was obtained. The maximum CO concentration in studied parking lot was obtained within the non-dimensional height range of 0.60.7. Furthermore, the CO variation with height in three different enclosed parking lots was also studied and numerical and experimental results were compared. Based on the results, the maximum CO concentration was also occurred within the non- dimensional height range of 0.60.7.

The use of electric vehicles in combination with microgrids creates many advantages for the power system. Using the ability of transferring electrical power by vehicle's daily travels, reduces the dependence on the electrical system. As a result, it can improve the reliability of the system by reducing the dependence of microgrid to the main grid. This paper intends to optimize the scheduling of parking lot area and the charging and discharging of Electric Vehicles during the hours of the operation time for improving the reliability indices.This improvment including the reduction of the Energy Not Supplied, increasing the independence of the microgrid and improving the spinning reserve. This is achieved along with the satisfaction of the electrical vehicle owners by reducing the mileage to the parking lot. Determining the zone of each parking lot at different hours of the day in the operation time, scheduling parking lot area and the charging and discharging of Electric Vehicles simultaneously, using these issues to improve microgrid's independence, decreasing the Energy Not Supplied, improving the spinning reserve, reducing the distance traveled by vehicles to the parking lot and using the power transmission potential of electric vehicle's daily travels, are the innovations of this study.

Electric vehicles(EV) are the most important technology that can be used in a Smart Grid environment. These vehicles can have many benefits to the network. In order to engage EV owners in the proposed plans of the utility, there must be sufficient and attractiveness conditions such as economic profitability. On the other hand, due to the transfer of vehicles to special parking lot, the mileage of EVs to these parking lot should be reduced as much as possible. On the side of the utility, charging and discharging planning should be such that the system objectives are improve. This scheduling depends on to the number of EV in each parking lot. Therefore, in this paper, using the optimal area of EV lot, as well as scheduling of charging and discharging EV, will increase the profitability of the EV owners and utility at the lowest possible losses, and reducing the mileage of vehicles to the parking lot. Then, due to importance of such load as economic, medical or security center, the effect of the location of these loads is examined on parking area and scheduling of charging and discharging EV.