In this study, a practical procedure was proposed for hydraulic analysis of flow in drip line lateral in the drip irrigation system to determine the major and minor losses of the driplines. In this method, the friction losses between the drippers and local head losses of the drippers were calculated step-by-step and the total pressure losses of the lateral were determined by summation of the head losses. To determine the minor losses of the emitters, the power relationship between the pipe discharge and the measured head losses related to simple and drip line pipes was determined by the nonlinear regression method. Then, the difference of the obtained head losses of these relationships in different discharges was calculated. Then, the power relationship between these results and discharge was determined by using nonlinear regression again. Also, Hazen–Williams equation and Darcy-Weisbach relationship used to determine the friction head losses. The friction coefficient (f) determined using Altshul, Blasius, and Moody diagram. Thus, four different methods of combining minor and friction head losses equations were obtained and evaluated using RE, MAE and RMAE indices. Experiments were conducted on three 60-meter samples of drip lines with emitter spacing of 0.20, 0.40 and 0.50 m and a simple sample with 16 mm diameter at 50, 100, 150, and 200 kPa pressures. The results indicated that the Darcy-Weisbach relationship based on the Blasius relationship was more accurate than the other methods. Also, the performance of the proposed experimental relationships were acceptable to estimate the local head losses. Therefore, the proposed method is recommended to calculate the head losses in the dripline laterals.

Volcanic, sub-volcanic (dyke) and pyroclastic (agglomerate and tuff) rocks of Eocene age are located in the Kalmard block in the north and northeast of Kerman City. Petrographically, the lavas are basalt, andesite, rhyodacite and rhyolite, as the dykes and pyroclastic rocks are andesite and crystal tuff in composition respectively. The porphyritic, microlitic-porphyritic and trachytic are the main textures and mineralogically consist of plagioclase± quartz± K-feldspar ± biotite± amphibole± clinopyroxene± olivine opaque minerals. Plagioclases show evidences of disequilibrium textures such as sieve texture, resorption and zoning; as quartzes have resorbed margins, and amphiboles and biotites are only slightly opacitized. These textures can be resulted magma mingling, PH2O variations, and decompression with minor loss of temperature during magmatic ascent. Geochemical studies revealed that the volcanic rocks belong to a sub-alkaline magmatic series with calc-alkaline nature. Furthermore, acidic volcanic rocks are metaluminous to peraluminous and show characteristics of I-type granitoids. The trace element discrimination diagrams along with chondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns show that the igneous rocks formed in an active continental arc environment.

Traumatic dental intrusion is a serious injury and results in significant damage to the periodontal ligament, dentin-pulp complex, and alveolar bone. This article presents a case of severe intrusion of the two upper permanent central incisors where the treatment option was the combination of the surgical and orthodontic technique. The difficulty of accessing the crowns of these teeth to bond the brackets was solved by lifting a full thickness flap. To disengage the teeth from the alveolus, a careful dislocation motion was performed. After suturing the flap, a removable orthodontic appliance was installed and an extrusive force was applied for 8 weeks. After 10 weeks, the endodontic treatment was performed and the crowns were restored. The 10-year clinical control showed normal mobility. Radiographically, minor losses of the cervical alveolar cortical bone and integrity of the periodontal ligament were observed.

In the realm of hydraulic modeling for water distribution networks, the calibration process plays a pivotal role. Calibration involves precise adjustments to align a model with observed data. However, when the measured data is scarce, the calibration process becomes challenging. In such cases, laboratory models prove valuable for simulating real-world conditions. Variability in parameters like pipe dimensions, length, roughness coefficients, and nodal demand as well as nodal elevations often leads to disparities between computer-based model outcomes and reality. Despite extensive research on computer-based models, laboratory water distribution network models and their calibration have received relatively limited attention due to the challenges and costs associated with them. In this study, a laboratory model of a water distribution network was constructed and subjected to hydraulic calibration. Roughness coefficients and minor head losses within the network were determined using a meta-heuristic method. Then, pipe roughness coefficients for polyethylene pipes were assessed and compared with values from scientific references. In the following, hydraulic validation of the network was conducted using the water quality simulation of a conservative substance. This approach illustrates the level of concurrence of flow ratios in the network pipes between the model and reality.The laboratory network was made of PE40 and consists of a square looped system with 1-meter pipe lengths, employing a 1000-liter tank to maintain a constant water head. This research was conducted in three stages. In the first stage, network calibration was performed using piezometric pressure and output flow data. Roughness coefficient and pipe minor head loss coefficients were selected as decision variables. The objective function was defined to minimize the total weighted difference in piezometric head and discharge between the model and reality. In the second stage, validation was performed based on pressure and output flow data. In the third stage, the network's hydraulic validation with respect to pipe flow rates was performed through the modeling of a conservative substance. This is because the dissolution of a conservative substance occurs solely due to mixing at nodes and flow division, allowing it to represent the correspondence of flow ratios in network pipes between the model and reality. In this research, pressure data was recorded using piezometers, and salt concentration was calculated using TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) sensor. After performing the optimization, a value of 0.008 was obtained for the Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient (ɛ), This value aligns well with the assumption of new pipes in the network, in agreement with previous research (e.g., 0.050 by The Plastics Pipe Institute, 2008, and 0.070 by Padilla et al., 2013). Also, values of 1.20 and 0.89 were obtained for the minor loss coefficients of 0.5 and 1-meter pipes, respectively. Furthermore, the optimized minor loss values effectively reflect differences attributed to the number of connections in the 0.5 and 1-meter pipes, falling within recommended scientific ranges. Notably, unlike previous field studies, this research uniquely focuses on a laboratory model.After hydraulic calibration and validation using pressure and output flow data, further validation was conducted using the water quality model. The saltwater solution was injected at a specific point in the network, and the TDS quality parameter was measured at the two points in the network. Subsequently, utilizing the TDS values and the established relationship between TDS and salt concentration calculated in the laboratory, the salt concentration at the location of two sensors was determined. It's worth mentioning that the network's water supply contained dissolved solids. Subsequently, initial and injection concentrations were applied to the model and, the simulation was performed. A comparison of salt concentration results at two sensor locations revealed an 8.5% error in the first experiment and 2.5% in the second, confirming excellent agreement between the laboratory and computer-based network hydraulic model.

The Ghaleh-Ganj dioritic- quartz dioritic massifs, with the age of Paleocene-Eocene, located on the west side of the Makran accretionary prism and Jazmurian depression and the east side of Jiroft fault are part of the intrusives in the Ganj Complex which itself is a part of the Jazmurian ophiolitic belt or Inner Makran. These intrusives rocks show microgranular to granular texture and consist of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, amphibole, biotite, quartz, K-feldspar, titanite, apatite and opaque as primary minerals along with chlorite, calcite, clay minerals, sericite and iron oxides as secondary minerals. Based on mineral chemistry studies, the plagioclases are oligoclase to labradorite in composition and predominantly fall in the field of andesine. Considering the total content of Fe in plagioclases, it seems that they were formed in high fO2 conditions. The existence of disequilibrium textures in plagioclases show variations of PH2O and decompression along with minor loss of temperature during the magma ascent to the surface. Clinopyroxenes display augitic composition and are belonging to a tholeiitic magmatic series and formed in 1133- 1382°C temperature, pressure less than 10 kbars and high fO2 conditions. Amphiboles have magnesiohornblende compositions which are estimated to have been formed at 650- 700°C temperature, less than 1 kb pressure and high fO2 conditions in a supra-subduction tectonomagmatic environment.

A culvert is a hydraulically short conduit which conveys stream flow through a roadway or embankment. Culverts are available in many different shapes and in spite of their simple structure, the process of designing requires accurate calculations and they are controlled by many variables. Accurate estimation of the energy loss in culverts plays an important role in optimum designing of culvert systems. In this paper, in order to simulate the local energy loss coefficient in culverts with various geometries (circular and rectangular), several models with different inputs were defined. The optioned results proved the capability of GEP in predicting local energy loss coefficient in culvert systems. Also it was found that in order to estimate the bend loss coefficient, model with input parameters of (Fr, θ) and to estimate the entrance loss coefficient, models with input parameters of (Fr, D Hw ) led to more accurate outcomes. Sensitivity analyses showed that θ and D Hw had the key role in estimating bend loss and entrance loss coefficient.

Elbow fittings are common in hydraulic and pipeline systems. These components cause a significant pressure drop in the total pressure of a system. The banjo elbow is advantageous in areas low to the ground and where flexible connection angles are needed. However, this elbow yields a larger pressure drop than a standard elbow. Additionally, the position of the internal bolt in the banjo elbow cannot be determined prior to installation, which corresponds to a wide range of possible pressure drop. In this study, the pressure drop through a 3/8” banjo elbow is investigated for different positions of the internal bolt, experimentally and numerically. Experiments and simulations were carried out on hydraulic oil with four different Reynolds numbers ranging from 3111 to 6222 and at nine bolt connection angles ranging from 0° to 60°. Experiments were repeated with the standard elbow of the same size to compare the pressure drops to those of the banjo elbow. Pressure was measured at both the inlets and outlets of the elbows. The results suggest that the connection angle of the internal bolt is an important factor in the pressure drop and minor head loss through a banjo elbow. For Reynolds numbers of 3111 and 6222, an improvement in minor head loss by 33% and 58%, respectively, was achieved by adjusting the connection angle of the internal bolt in the banjo elbows.

One of the main reasons for sprinklers, low pressure in sprinkler irrigation systems is related to incorrect estimate of quick coupling valves, minor (local) head losses. In order to measure the quick coupling valves, minor head losses, a laboratory study was conducted in accordance with ISO 9644 and ISO 4059 international standards during year 2014. Seventy-five quick coupling valve samples were selected from fifteen manufacturers, and made of three materials of cast iron, aluminum and polymer within three sizes comprised of 1, 1.5 and 2 inch. They were tested in terms of head loss. For each sample, the minor head losses were assessed using five flow rates including the maximum, minimum as well as three intermediate flow tests. Results indicated that, there are significant differences in the minor head loss values of similar quick coupling valves due mostly to manufacturing quality. Based upon the obtained results, the average minor head losses of 1 inch quick coupling valves obtained within the maximum vs. minimum flow rates were 0.46 and 10.23 m, respectively. As for 1.5 inch they were recorded 0.60 and 4.31 m, respectively, whereas for 2 inch, the figures were 0.21 and 1.76 m. Head loss values for low level flows were close to those given in their catalogues. But as for high flows, the head loss was recorded higher than those in the catalogue values. The head loss coefficients (K) of seventy-three quick coupling valve samples were recorded in the range of 7.26 to 9.79. However, based on the standards and criteria of pressurized irrigation systems, the minor head loss coefficients of quick valves should stand in the range of 2 to 2.2. The results finally indicated that the head loss related to quick coupling valves is high and that can be an important cause of low pressure in sprinkler irrigation systems.

This article is an effort to study influence and function of capacity on tortious liability with juristic approach and to utilize results of this study to amend the law. The main issue is whether capacity influences on tortious liability or not? It seems although the primary purpose of the jurisprudence is compensation; but it seems there is another purpose to acquit from civil liability of absolute incapacitated persons (insane and non-perceptive minors) as far as possible, because jurisprudents believe to obligate incapacitated persons is not fair; but they are forced to choose between necessity of compensation or incapacity resulting loss. Therefore, jurisprudents believe that incapacitated persons are innocent as far as possible, but they considered responsible in other cases. The civil law that has been adopted from jurisprudence has accepted the same approach. Although social imperatives and justice require compensating every loss, it must be accepted absolute incapacitated persons are liable for damages in some cases, despite their circumstance. Therefore, we can spread fair treatment in connection with these special people by utilizing potential of legal and judicial principles, existence of social security institutions, and the possibility of transmission and distribution result of loss like insurance for minor and insanecivil liability etc.

Guardianship of father and grandfather upon insanity minor or adult child from its childhood is undisputed in Jurisprudence and civil law: but there is no consensus about effect of moral competence father or grandfather to canonical legal.
Article 1180 of iranan cicil code Appointed:”minor is upon Guardianship of his father and his grandfather. And also insanity minor or adult child from its childhood is upon Guardianship of his father and his grandfather.
This article proves that moral qualifications, and particular justice or trustworthy, has no effects in proofing natural guardian. But it plays important role in using of this right and implementation of its power. Therefore, much as father was unfaithful it has supervision upon obsolete child, without the ruler can interfere it. But if it is proved that father applies losses of his child, the ruler can uninstall him. In addition to, this cases natural guardian isn’t trustee and posses civil responsibility in his possessions.