Drought, as one of the most important natural disasters, has many economic, social and environmental costs. In this research, considering the problems of crisis management and the need to change the procedure from crisis management to risk management, assessment of drought risk in customary Kormanj nomadic territories of North Khorasan, is the main purpose of the research. Basically, drought risk is defined as a function of the risk index and vulnerability index. In this research, DI index is considered as a drought risk indicator. To calculate the index, monthly rainfall data were collected from 27 meteorological stations of the province during the statistical period of 26 years. A drought zone map was prepared on an annual basis. Finally drought hazard index map for the Kormanj nomads allotments were produced. Vulnerability analysis was carried out through socio-economic indicators and physical indicators. Weighted Linear Combination Method was used to integrate the vulnerability layers. For standardization and weighing, the criteria were used, respectively, fuzzy logic and analytical Hierarchy process. Based on the results, on an annual scale, the risk of occurrence of moderate droughts with 54.6% of the customary territories is first and the danger of severe and low drought occur in subsequent positions. According to experts, the factor of water holding capacity in the soil with 0.2444 has the highest impact weight among the factors. The map of vulnerability index showed that the most vulnerability is in the customary territories in the west, south-east of the province as well as in the northwest of Shirvan city. Altogether about 43.2% of the area of the customary territories of the province is in severe and very intense categories.

Introduction The purpose of the present study; investigating the economic developments of nomad settlement(Case study:Nikshahr county).Methodology This research is applied in terms of purpose and based on descriptive-analytical nature.Nikshahr County, based on available sampling, the number of 130 people was determined in two sections (settled and unsettled). Finally, in order to analyze the data,SPSS software and Post Hoc and Tukey HSD tests were used.Geographical area of research This research has been investigated in the nomadic territory of Nikshahr county.Results and discussion The results of the t-test of correlated groups showed that the mean of the economic items: (handicrafts production, rope production, dairy production, protein production, protein sales, tendency to animal husbandry, sale of medicinal plants, cost of animal treatment) In the settled group of nomads, it is much less than the unsettled group of nomads and in the items (employment of individuals, household income, savings, ownership of agricultural land and housing, agricultural income, children's education expenses, medical expenses of individuals, cost of amenities, housing expenses, food purchase expenses, light and heavy vehicle expenses, agricultural machinery and finally industrial activity),Their average in settled groups is higher than unsettled groups. Further, the regression results showed that 95% of the changes in the dependent variable (economic developments) were explained by the independent variable (sedentary). Also, the results of the path analysis also showed that the income index with the value of direct effect of 0.059 and indirect effect of 0.134,has the highest effect from settlement. Finally, the results showed that, among the clans of Nikshahr county:Chakarzehi clan with an average value of 3.78 have the highest amount of economic developments in relation to settlement.Conclusion The economic situation of settled households is very different from that of non-settled households. In fact, settlement has created many economic developments for nomadic households.

Introduction The purpose of this research is to Identification of sustainable tourism solutions in line with the economic development of rural settlements in the territory of the nomads of Qochan County.Methodology The current research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of qualitative and quantitative methods, and for the purpose of data analysis, grounded theory and model method(DEMATEL was used.The statistical population of this research includes experts and graduates in tourism and rural geography.Geographical area of research This research has been investigated in the nomadic territory of Qochan county.Results and discussion From the results of the grounded theory method to identify the set of effective solutions in the development of tourism capacities in the villages of Qochan city,6 categories(planning and appropriate tourism policy, organization and identification of attractions and requirements for tourism development, strengthening the traditional culture of Qochan tourism villages, economic base, social, environmental and human tourism entrepreneurship, promotion of education and awareness of local people, marketing in tourism matters); is identified,Among the solutions proposed using the DEMATEL model, solutions (proper tourism planning and policies, organization and identification of attractions and requirements for tourism development, economic, social,environmental and human basis of tourism entrepreneurship,promotion of education and awareness of local people)marketing in the field of tourism) are placed in the positive half of the diagram of the causal factors, which shows the high effectiveness of these solutions, and the solution (strengthening the traditional culture of the tourist villages of Qochan)is placed in the negative half of the diagram of the disabling factors, which shows the effectiveness This solution is above.Conclusion By strengthening the local and traditional culture of the region, the development of tourism can be maximized so that its effects on the economic aspects of life in rural settlements can be clearly observed.

Today, one of the most critical topics in land management and sustainable development is the knowledge of land cover or land use and the process of their changes. In fact, one of the main preconditions for the optimal use of land is to know the patterns of land use and the changes of each use over time because by knowing the changes over time, we can predict the changes in the future.

Purpose of the research: 

The current research aims to cognition the factors influencing the change of land use in the territory of nomads (Case study: Khash county).

The current research is descriptive-analytical in terms of research method, qualitative-quantitative in nature, and practical in terms of purpose. The data collection tool is (library and field (interview and questionnaire). The statistical population includes all the professors, managers, specialists and planning experts at the levels in Khash county, and the statistical sample size was determined by using the Delphi method to be 20 people. The data collection method in this research is interview and questionnaire. Data analysis was done using Delphi and F-ARAS methods.

Geographical area of research: 

This research was conducted in the nomadic territory of Khash county.

First, using the Delphi method in three rounds, the factors influencing the land use change in Khash, including five criteria (economic, physical, environmental, political-management and social) and 49 indicators, were identified and confirmed. Moreover, we used the F-ARAS model to investigate the effective dimensions of land use changes of Khash nomads. The findings showed that the physical dimension, with a weight of 0.409 and the social dimension, with a weight of 0.362, were the highest and the lowest significant factors.

Land use changes in the territory of Khash nomads due to many changes, especially the settlement of nomads, brought about environmental, economic, and social instability.

In this research, we seek to study the social, cultural, economic, and social trends of the Torkashvand tribe in the contemporary history of Iran. The method of research is ethnographic and the study population is Torkashvand tribe. Data collection techniques in this research are based on interview, observation, map and diagram and data are analyzed based on three stages: data division and organization, interpretation and reporting. The findings show that: 1. Torkashvand consisted of 6 tribes (Rahmat, Suleiman, Gorgeh, Merashu, Melijan, Mirazi) and the nomadic territory of this tribe from the north is to Alvand mountains of Hamedan, from the east to Boroujerd and Khorramabad from the west to Qasr Shirin, Gilangharb and Ilam and from the south to Dasht Abbas and Khuzestan. 3. Government bankrupts the tribes by the land reform program and importing frozen meat and live cattle from other countries bankrupts. In addition. The need for simple labor due to the development of factories, assemblies and assembly industries along with urban attractions provided the settlement of a part of Torkashvand tribe in Kangavar city. 2. The settlement of nomads during the Reza Shah period, a number of tribes were forced to settle for two years in areas such as Hamedan, Kangavar, Sahneh and Mahidasht, after a while, and especially with the fall of the first Pahlavi, they returned to Nomadism. 4. After 1957, the government, by controlling imports, led to a resurgence of animal husbandry and the continuation of nomadism among some members of the tribe. The stabilization of urban life and its increasing attractiveness, the monogamy of the Turkashvand tribe also continued.

The corona virus epidemic in the world has disrupted many jobs and businesses and has put the livelihood of millions of people in an unstable situation. Illness and respiratory symptoms, death or loss of employment, especially for heads of households, are a threat to food security, including in rural areas that were born from the Covid-19 crisis.

In terms of purpose, the research is applied-developmental research Jirga, in terms of nature and descriptive-analytical method, and documentary and field studies (semi-structured interviews) were used to collect data and information. The statistical population of the research is East Azarbaijan province (in 2015, it has a population of 1100220 people and 335878 rural households). The sample size is 48 people, business owners, villagers, district experts, university professors, etc., who were selected using the qualitative and theoretical method. Qualitative method of grounded theory was used to analyze data and information.Geographical area of researchThe geographical scope of this research is rural settlements in the nomadic areas of East Azarbaijan province.

The findings of this research showed that after conducting semi-structured interviews with the sample population and open coding these interviews led to the identification of 37 general concepts, 26 categories and 18 indicators that show the effects of the spread of the corona virus in It shows the rural communities in the nomadic areas of East Azarbaijan province.

Conclusion:

 The results showed that the spread of the corona virus in the rural areas of this province, especially in the nomadic territory, has had an impact on the livelihood capital of the villagers. Loss of permanent job, decrease in income and financial ability, decrease in motivation to create new job, food security, decrease in spatial flow of goods and products, increase in social anomaly, decrease in social trust, increase in stress and psychological pressure, transportation problems and intercity traffic and reducing social connections, reducing the flow of incoming capital, reducing the flow of people, the need to receive bank facilities, the expectation of institutional support, etc. are among them.

The formation of land use systems in urban and rural communities and the way of land division reflects the interaction of various environmental, economic, social, political and institutional factors. These forces create specific land use patterns that obey regional and local conditions over time. In recent decades, these land use patterns and structures have faced extensive changes due to the dominance of some of these forces.

Purpose of the research: 

The current research is aimed at monitoring and quantifying the changes in Shush County using the Decision Tree (DT) classification algorithm and geographic data during three time periods (1986-2002, 2002-2022 and 1959-2022) using remote sensing images and spatial data.

The current research is an applied and descriptive-analytical study. This study obtained data from Landsat satellite images, and related analyses were performed through ARC GIS and ENVI software.

Geographical area of research:

 This research was conducted in the territory of nomads of Shush County.

The results of the research indicate that according to the continuous changes during the three periods of 1365 (1986), 2002 (1381) and 1401 (2022), it can be seen that significant fluctuations have occurred in built-up lands and water areas, while agricultural lands have not changed much. In 2015, it was seen that cultivation areas in the region had seen little changes, and this indicates that during the past three decades, the cultivation has been the same as the base year, which coincides with the 8-year war.

The results of the research indicated that the use of the DT method in the classification of satellite images increases the accuracy to a great extent. Furthermore, the overall accuracy and the Kappa statistic (about 80%) indicate the high flexibility of the model. DT is designed to use different data sources and separate different users from each other.

Several factors are involved in the success of efficient and appropriate management of human resources in rural areas, knowing these categories can be a foundation for organizing management in rural areas in the nomadic territory. Also, by identifying the mentioned factors and strengthening or correcting these factors and removing the limitations, we can hope that this public institution can play a more useful role in the development process of rural areas.

The current research is practical and exploratory in terms of its purpose, and in terms of method, it is in the group of qualitative and quantitative research. For data analysis, grounded theory, Delphi and F-ARAS models were used. The research tools in this study are interviews and questionnaires; based on this, informed and informed people (members of the council and village headmen, professors and academic community) formed the participating informants. To select the sample population, the purposeful sampling method was used, and a total of 30 people were selected as the sample population.Geographical area of research: The geographical scope of the research includes the rural areas of the nomads' territory in Khash County.

From the results of the grounded theory method, in order to identify the effective factors in the development of appropriate and efficient management of human resources in rural areas in the territory of nomads, the categories (evaluating the skills of managers and human resources in villages and identifying challenges and problems in cooperation between them) , strengthening mutual trust and awareness of local residents, strengthening partnership and cooperation between human resources and managers, correcting inefficient approaches in rural areas, necessary and measured measures and measures in line with the desired performance of human resources management) were identified. Also, the results of F-ARAS for ranking the categories showed that the correction of inefficient approaches in rural areas with a weight of 0.441 and the necessary and measured measures and measures in line with the desired performance of human resources management with a weight of 0.401 are the most and least important in the development of human resources management in the rural areas of Khash.

Considering the fact that nowadays the dominant paradigm of rural development is participatory and communicative, it can be said that the development of human resources management is one of the main pillars of rural management and development, and it should be done through the identification of effective categories in development. It should be taken into account for shaping and managing the living space of rural areas.

Introduction :

Due to the vastness of the geographical territory of Iran's nomadic society, there are many rural settlements in this biological space. Despite their many capacities, they face challenges such as poverty, unemployment, immigration, etc. Meanwhile, the development of tourism entrepreneurship can be an important capacity in order to solve the challenges of development in these villages.Purpose of the research: Investigating the impact of tourism entrepreneurship indicators on sustainable rural development in Ardel county is the main goal of this research.

This research was done with a combination of survey and descriptive-analytical methods. The statistical population includes 7574 heads of households and Using Sample Power software, 220 people were considered as a statistical sample. The main tool for collecting field data is a questionnaire whose validity and reliability have been confirmed. A stratified sampling method was used to distribute the questionnaires. Questionnaires were distributed among 18 villages of Ardal county, which were selected purposefully and the final sampling was done by simple random method. SPSS software was used for experiment and data analysis.Geographical area of research: The geographical territory of this study is Ardel county located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province.

The findings showed that in the fitted regression model, the independent variables of the research explain 36% of the variable of sustainable rural development. Among the indicators of tourism entrepreneurship, the social-cultural compatibility index with a beta coefficient of 0.556 has had the greatest effect on sustainable rural development.

Considering that tourism entrepreneurship has an effect on sustainable rural development, it seems necessary and logical to develop and promote tourism entrepreneurship through the support of the public and private sectors, taking into account the active participation of villagers in this process. Because by following this process, sustainable rural development can be strengthened.

The nomadic architecture and life style have many latent aspects, influenced by the ways of living of nomads, their culture and society. Nomadic life involves annual and temporal movement, where a group of people, along with their livestock, move from winter tents to summer pastures and return again in the cold season to their winter camp. This movement presents some sort of harmony with the natural environment, partly influenced by environmental forces. On this basis, we can assume that the nomadic life is a livelihood and, hence, a cultural issue. In this regard, the concept of territory as one of the key concepts in human and environmental studies has a special place in the formation of the spatial system of nomadic architecture. More than being a physical concept, territory is a mental concept that effects both the physical structure of the environment, the behavior patterns of the inhabitants and the meanings that inhabitants assign to their environment. However, it seems that little attention has been paid to examining this concept in nomadic architecture. Therefore, the present pper studies the life style of nomadic people and the spatial organization associated with this type of living and examines the concept of territory in three realms of physical, behavioral, and semantic in ILL Sadat-Mahmudi of Boyerahmad Semli tribes as a case study. For this purpose we conducted a fieldwork in the places of living of these tribes, mapped their settlements, and used interviews and observation for collecting data. The findings of the research conceptualized territory in three realms of physical, functional and semantic in nomadic architecture, from both the objective and the subjective points.
The physical patterns and living spaces of the nomadic people can be categorized into primary (private), secondary (semi-public) and public areas. The primary realm is the interior of black space of Chador (tent) where people live. The secondary realm refers to the open space in front of the tent, located between the tent and livestock’s spaces. In this space, preparing food and dairy products, washing and livestock storage take place. The public realm also refers to the open space between the tents, which is formed between several black tents. In each of these territories, different activities can be observed, including eating, resting, welcoming guests and the like in the private sphere; livestock related activities, food preparation, washing and the like in the secondary domain; and finally, social activities, including pillboxes, ritual ceremonies and the like in the public domain. Ultimately, each of these territories and their associated behaviors and activities, leads to the formation of different meanings for inhabitants, which are related to the characteristics of tribal life. Among these meanings, one can refer to warfare, hospitality, freedom, self-affirmation, and so on. Furthermore, there is a two-way relationship between spatial characteristics, behavior patterns and meanings in nomadic settlements. This means that the physical characteristics of space in the lives of nomads facilitates the formation of certain behaviors and limits others in particular territories. These meanings are formed through the harmony between the physical characteristics of the environment and behavioral patterns that take place in them. These meanings also shape the ways in which activities take place in a particular space and how the space is organized in nomadic housing.