The optimal managment of pollutants discharged into the rivers plays a critical role in improving water quality. In this paper, a new method is developed for Cost-based waste-load allocation (C-WLA) modeling with trade-off between the cost of treatment at loading points and the loss of pollution at the points of withdrawal from the river system. For this purpose, the qualitative simulation model (MIKE11) is coupled with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. The model is applied to the Karoon River system. At the first step, the sum of treatment cost and loading damage of TDS pollutant was estimated in the river system. Then, with insights into the impacts of the trade-off policy between treatment cost of dischargers and pollutant load loss, optimal treatment percentages and optimal concentration threshold limit were determined in a monthly base and for one year. The results demonstrated that the C-WLA model has the good efficiency in managing the TDS pollutant, so that, the sum of the costs and losses is minimized at $48.99 million with optimal concentration threshold limit of 2450 mg/l at the discharge points and with an average of 17.85% of the optimal treatment at the loading points.

Today, due to the negative effects of oil mulches on the environment, has attracted a lot of attention the use of environmentally friendly mulches. The purpose of this study is to determine the best combination of vinasse, filter cake, bagasse and bagasse ash as mulch in terms of environmental indicators in the north of Khorramshahr. In this study, 81 treatments were provided with combination of vinasse (0, 100, 200 g), bagasse (0, 25, 50 g), ash bagasse (0, 25, 50 g), filtercake (0, 12.5, 25 g) and one-liter water. In the first step, among 81 treatments, were determined treatments in the appropriate range of salinity and acidity and in the second step, after mulching (35 optimal treatments in the first step) on laboratory trays (2×30×100 cm), have been measured shear strength, compressive strength, impact resistance, surface crack coefficient for optimal treatments with at least three replications. In the third step, the selected mulches are qualitatively scored. In the fourth step, the selected treatments in the previous step are examined in terms of the indicators of heavy elements (cadmium, chromium, lead, zinc, arsenic, mercury, vanadium, nickel), salinity, acidity and chemical properties (calcium, magnesium, sodium, sulfate, chlorine, phosphorus, (Potassium, organic carbon, nitrogen and sodium uptake ratio). In the last step, the treatments were ranked in terms of environmental indicators using the TOPSIS model and the treatment with the highest proximity index was selected as the optimal mulch. The results of TOPSIS model showed that treatment 19 (100 g vinasse, 50 g bagasse, no ash bagasse and 12.5 filter crack) with a proximity index of 0.89 was the first. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the use of vinasse (100 g) in the optimal treatment will increase the rank of vinasse mulch in terms of environmental indicators with a proximity index of 0.89 and on the other hand, The presence of bagasse and filtercake in the optimal mulch has a significant effect on increasing the shear strength (up to 2 kg / cm2 compared to the control) and reducing the crack coefficient (up to 1.8% compared to the control).

This study aimed to make a comparison among 4 coplanar and noncoplanar intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) techniques in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumors, to achieve an optimal treatment technique considering the absorbed doses of organs at risk.
Treatment planning and contouring were performed on 20 patients with glioblastoma multiforme tumors in 2 phases based on Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) protocol. Four coplanar and noncoplanar intensity-modulated radiation therapy techniques at 6 and 15 MV energy levels were compared. Finally, comparing the conformity and homogeneity indices, and maximum and mean doses (using dose volume histogram), the optimal treatment technique was proposed.
Findings: The absorbed doses of critical organs in the cases of noncoplanar techniques reduced drastically compared with the cases of coplanar techniques. Increase in energy levels in noncoplanar techniques did not impose any significant changes.
The absorbed doses of all critical organs in noncoplanar technique with 6 MV energy level reduced significantly. Besides, in this technique, there was no neutron contamination, because of the employment of 6 MV energy.

Best cancer treatment is the one which reduces the tumor’s density in minimum time with less side effects, considering the input limitations. In this paper, a tracking controller was designed to achieve the mentioned objectives, simultaneously. An ordinary differential equations (ODEs)-based mathematical model of a human’s body under chemovirotherapy was selected, which includes the uninfected and infected tumor cells, free viruses, immune cells, and a chemotherapeutic drug. Stability analysis was used to determine the sensible equilibrium points. For tracking purposes, a servo controller based on the entire eigenstructure assignment (EESA) approach was applied to the model, continuously and discretely. By regulating the command input properties, optimal treatment duration with limited drug dosage and virus dosage was determined. The results indicate that the discrete controller performs smoother than the continuous controller. In the discrete controller, optimum time interval for the injection of drugs and viruses was determined to propose an optimal treatment schedule.

In recent years, the foam mat drying has been used in food processing. Due to the fact that the stability of the foam plays an essential role in improving this process, in this study, the factors affecting the structure of the permeate-based orange beverage foam and the physical characteristics of the foam have been investigated. For this purpose, the egg white (3-5%) and basil gum solution (0.1- 0.3%) was added to the orange beverage according to the experimental design and the desired mixture was mixed with an electric mixer with the highest speed was for (4, 6, 8) minutes. Then, initial tests of beverage foam including foam density, foaming ability, foam stability, rheological test, viscosity, and foam microstructure were performed. Then, the optimal treatment was selected using the RSM and Design Expert software. The optimal treatment introduced by the sample model had a concentration of 4% egg white powder and 0.2% basil gum and the mixing .time was 6 minutes, which showed the highest quality in the experiments.

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a commonly diagnosed childhood disorder that affects approximately 3 to 7% of children. As a result, ADHD is one of the most common presenting problems among children referred to mental health professionals. Pharmacotherapy is the most commonly recommended intervention for ADHD and it has been shown to be the optimal treatment option in cases where no other comorbid conditions are present. Herbal medicine is widely used by families of children with ADHD. This review focused on herbal medicine in the treatment of ADHD.

Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) is a physiological compensatory phenomenon occurring in many hemolytic anemias including thalassemia. Besides transfusion, radiotherapy, surgery or a combination of these modalities, hydroxyurea (HU) as an optimal treatment has been described occasionally. We described a case of beta-thalassemia major who has been on regular blood transfusion and developed EMH that was treated with HU combined with radiotherapy.
EMH should also be considered in thalassemia major patients, although it is more common in non-transfusion dependent thalassemia patients. HU combined with low dose radiotherapy along with regular blood transfusion are suggested as good treatment options for patients with EMH.

Most authors believe that the optimal treatment for pulmonary hydatid cyst is surgery. Albendazole has been used as a prophylactic measure for reducing recurrence rate but there are some controversies about this strategy. Some researchers have described the increased risk of spontaneous rupture of cysts following albendazole treatment. In this case report, we present a case of spontaneous rupture of pulmonary hydatid cyst with fatal outcome that may be the adverse cause of albendazole.

Appendicitis remains the most common condition in the pediatric population requiring emergency abdominal operation. Management of acute simple appendicitis is well described but controversy remains as to the optimal treatment of complicated appendicitis. Common complications of acute appendicitis include: localized peritonitis and abscess formation, flegmon and general peritonitis. In this prospective study we have evaluated the results of aggressive therapy in management of complicated appendicitis in children in Sarvar pediatric hospital of Mashhad, Iran. Among 60 children with acute complicated appendici s male to female ra o was 4:1 and mean age was 7.18±2.17 years. 60% were operated via low mid line incision and 40% by Rocky Davis incision. The most common nal diagnosis fi was appendicular abscess that was observed in 34 pa ents. Primary wound closure was performed in 96.7% and placement of drain in peritoneal cavity in right lower quadrant was done only in 13.3%. Safe appendectomy was performed in all 60 cases and post opera ve complica ons included two cases with wound infection and 4 cases with Chronic abdominal pain that were managed conserva vely. Only one pa ent was re admi ed and underwent re-laparotomy because of bowel obstruction. according to our findings the current non operative approach to complicated appendicitis in children needs a revision.

Bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumor is a relatively rare disease and like other rare conditions its optimal treatment is still in doubt. In this article we present a case of an atypical lung carcinoid tumor which had invaded the heart. The patient was treated with an en-bloc resection of the tumor and the resection of the affected portions of the left atrium through a left lateral thoracotomy along with cardiopulmonary bypass and cardiac arrest.