Organizations have the different patterns of behaviors on management practice and the use of systems during their life cycle and due to rapid growth of information technology، the application of appropriate technologies is becoming an essential part of business، as well. The adaptation of appropriate management systems on different stages of organizational life period will affect on sustainability of the firms and success to move to next stage and alignment and collaboration schema of IS/IT and business requirement affects on management effectiveness at every stage. This research investigated the significance of relationship between management behavior and IS/IT usage and the generic approach selected by companies. The results showed that organizations have chosen different approach during their life cycle and as they faced with unique challenges on each stage، a common practice on using information technology and applications became part of organizational life cycle. A generic model for information technology usage on organization life cycle was also developed that will assist organizations to select and develop IS/IT plans which addresses the requirements for each stage of life cycle.

The nature of the life-cycle theory shows that investment and financing decisions and the company's operating strategy largely will be affected by different variables and organizational capabilities (life cycle). The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between corporate life cycle and cost of equity in listed firm on Tehran stock exchange. For this purpose, 105 firms from our statistical society for the period of 2009-2014 were chosen. Multivariate regression method based on panel data and independent T test was used to test the research hypotheses. The result shows that there is a positive relationship between the firm life cycle and cost of equity. Also, there is no significant difference between cost of equity in mature stage with compare decline stage and also between growth stage with compare decline stage.

This paper investigates the effect of the firm life cycle on the cost of equity capital. To test the hypothesis we use mean difference test of cost of equity capital and regression model (ordinary least squares method). The sample includes 586 firms – year observation about firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange, during the period of 1384 to1393. The mean difference test shows that cost of equity is higher in the decline stage than growth and mature stages. Also using Dickinson’s life cycle (2011) measure reveals that decline stage of firm life cycle is positively associated with cost of equity, while the growth and mature stages of the life cycle are negatively associated with many estimates of the cost of equity. Therefore, relationship between decline, growth and mature stages of the firm life cycle and cost of equity resembling U-shaped pattern.

The most important decisions made by managers are those concerning capital structure. These decisions directly influence firm’s value which in turn influences the maximization of owner’s equity. In addition، according to life cycle hypothesis the life cycle includes: birth، infancy، growth، maturity، and decline. Thus it is claimed that external financing decisions (borrowing- share issue) are influenced by the aforementioned life cycles in which a firm is. This paper studies the influence of variables such as a firm life cycle and its size on a firm’s priority of external financing alternatives، in the period of 2005 - 2010 (534 year-firms). To test the hypotheses we use panel data multiple regression model. The research findings indicate that there is a priority of external financing in the stages of growth and maturity and it appears that firms under study a follow pecking order theory in these two stages and there is no priority in the stage of decline. Moreover، the research findings reveal that the size variable had no significant influence on the priority of external financing in growth and maturity stages as well as on those firms in their decline stage.

The purpose of this research is to measure the impact of accounting information quality proxies in firms’ growth through different life cycle stages. In the literature, financial reporting quality have mitigating role in information asymmetry between insiders and outsiders of the organization. Based on competitive theory and signaling theory, firms’ life cycle may be an effective factor to explain financial reporting quality behavior. Period of this research includes 188 Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) firms from the year 1380 to 1394. Hypothesis test results indicates that annual adjustments and operating income deviation proxies have the most positive and significant effects on future growth of total assets and sales. Furthermore operating income deviation has the most significant effect on firms’ market value future growth. In addition, none of the accounting quality measurement proxies have significant effect on future firms’ growth through firms life cycle stages. Results insists on using of these proxies in different life cycle stages by fundamental analysts.

Timely diagnosis of diseases is caused by environmental challenges in the course of the organizational life cycle, preventing the development of the disease and treatment, and reducing the adverse effects of the sick organization's performance on the final recipients of services and consumers, and of course, increasing the level of consumer satisfaction. The purpose of this research is to identify the diseases of the organization in the life cycle using the metaphor of the living organism; while identifying diseases, symptoms, conditions and factors; Especially in the stage of organizational stability, we will prevent the development of these diseases and explain the complications of entering the stage of organizational decline, because in this stage, the most damage will be done to the consumers in addition to the employees, and the level of consumer dissatisfaction will increase. In this regard, the following items were investigated with a mixed approach in the research method including three parts. Qualitative part to identify diseases through interviews with professors of Gilan University of Medical Sciences and quantitative part to identify organizational characteristics and crises in the stages of the organization's life cycle which was done using fuzzy Delphi method , with the adaptation of four identified diseases including organizational asthma, post-traumatic shock, anxiety and stress diseases (depression and aggression) and septicism of the organization, in the stage of organizational stability, the complications of entering the stage of decline, including the effects The negative effects of these diseases on the performance of the organization .

One of the most important economic features of companies is the life cycle. According to the life cycle theory, the importance of risk and performance indicators varies over the life cycle stages. The present research studies the impact of life cycle Stage and investor sentiment on risk-taking. To this end, 170 companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 1384 to 1395 were selected as the research sample and were studied using panel data method. The hypothesis testing method is also multivariate regression with the least squares estimation method. To measure risk taking, two risk-taking indexes named shareholders and managers risk-taking were used; investor sentiment were also measured through the ratio of stocks turnover and life cycles through the model of DeAngelo et al. (2006).The results show that risk-taking at the stages of emergence (start) and growth of the life cycle is more than the stages of mature and decline. Also, the results indicate that with increasing investor sentiment, risk taking increases in life cycle stages.

The purpose of this research is a systematic review of existing articles with the historical approach in decision-making in strategic change, in the period from 1990 to January 21, 2021 were reviewed and finally, by applying the research protocol, 84 articles were selected that determined the role of organizational history dimensions under the five themes: "historical structure of decision-making power", "stages of the organizational life cycle", "identity-making documents", "organizational experience in the decision to change" and "organizational culture"; In this analysis, the role of "historical structure of decision-making power" has the components of "CEO succession process", "CEO independence and support for change", "extent of human and social capital of the board of directors", "depth of human and social capital of the board of directors", "power board of directors" and "supervisory and governance mechanisms", the role of "stages of the organizational life cycle" has the components of "small size", "large size providing change resources", "advantage due to scale", "young age of the organization" and " The stage of introduction and maturity in the life cycle", the role of "historical identity and organizational experience" has the components of "identity vacuum due to change", "formal and informal narratives and orientations encouraging change", "successful change experience", "organization's habit of change" and "the need for change in official speeches, reports and organizational news" and finally the role of "organizational culture" has the components of "predominance of change discourse", "organizational forgetting", "ceremonies, customs, stories and legends in the organization" and It is a "supportive organizational atmosphere".

The main aim of this paper is to investigate the joint effects of accounting conservatism and life-cycle stages on firm valuation. Using the Feltham and Ohlson [1995]’s valuation model, this study examined the effect of accounting conservatism on reactions of investors to both abnormal operating earnings and net operating assets at different life-cycle stages. first, sample firms were classified into three life-cycle stages (Growth, Mature and Decline) and two Groups (Conservative and Aggressive).Then, we used a pooled cross-sectional time-series regression models to test the hypotheses. In this study, financial information of 75 firms which were accepted at Tehran’s Stock Exchange (TSE) from 1382 to 1387 (450 firm-years) was examined. The results of this study show that investors place higher emphasis on both abnormal operating earnings and net operating assets of the firms at growth stage than the firms at mature or declining stage. Furthermore, investors place higher emphasis on both abnormal operating earnings and net operating assets of the firms which are in growth or mature stage and use conservative accounting practices than firms which use aggressive accounting practices. However, for the firms in decline stage the opposite is true.

Food industry is one of the most important industries in developing countries that has an enormous role in employment, export and value added of the agricultural sector. Iran as a developing country has a comparative advantage in food product industries for several reasons such as adequate and cheap raw materials and having several companies in the field of food industries. The food products, sales promotion strategy is one of the strategies used to promote the sale of products in different stages of product life cycle. Appropriate usage of promotional strategy in different stages of product life cycle has an important role in the profitability of these industries and so determining the factors affecting the selection of promotion strategy in different stages of product life cycle is important. In this study, the main objective is to determine factors affecting the selection of promotion strategy in different stages of product life cycle in food product industries in Mashhad, Iran.
The main aim of this study is to determine factors affecting the selection of promotion strategy in different stages of introduction, growth, maturity and decline in food products industries in Mashhad. For achieving this goal, some explanatory variables such as education manager, company experience in food industry, operational cost, product diversity and market fluctuations considered as independent variables and ordered logit model was used for analyzing the effect of these variables on the probability of selecting different categories of a dependent variable. Dependent variable has four categories and shows the stage of product life cycle that managers select for applying promotion strategy.
One of the most important strategies for increasing sales in food product industries is sales promotion. Producers used this strategy, according to the life cycle stages of their products. In this study, for determining the important factors that affect the probability of selecting promotion strategy in different stages of product life cycle, we used ordered logit model in Mashhad food products companies. The results show that variables such as education of managers and company experience in producing food products have not any significant effect on choosing promotion strategy at different stages of product life cycle. Furthermore, operational costs and market fluctuations have a negative and significant effect on choosing promotion strategy in different stages of product life cycle. Therefore, when operational costs increase or when market fluctuations exist, producers in the food product industries apply promotion strategy mainly in the introduction and growth stages of product life cycle and the possibility of using promotion strategy in maturity or decline phase decreases because selecting promotion strategy in markets with high volatility or increasing operational cost is not economical. On the other hand, products diversity has a different pattern and with more diversity of products, the possibility of using promotion strategy in maturity and decline stages of product life cycle increases. It is recommended that if products diversity is high, producers use the appropriate promotion strategy at each stage of product life cycles and with identifying appropriate markets and products, profitability would increase in these phases. Companies should consider a sufficient budget for this subject. With increasing market volatility and operational costs, producers try to introduce and sell more products and increase the possibility of using marketing mix in the earlier stages of product life cycle. Diversity has a different pattern and perhaps the reason is that there is an interaction between the promotion strategy and diversity. Producers in the introduction and growth stages spend their costs for product introduction through advertising and replace more advertising instead of promotional strategies. However, in maturity and decline stages, the usage of promotional strategies increases because there are enough products in the market and producers try to sell their products by different promotional strategies. The promotional strategy will apply when consumers through advertising finds sufficient knowledge of the product, and then because of the promotion in buying this product, increase their purchases.
Because using appropriate marketing mix have a considerable effect on the profitability of companies, determining the appropriate marketing mix in each stage of product life cycle is essential. Promotion strategy has a substantial role in the profitability of food products companies and according to this research, the following recommendation might be important. At first, each producer should select an appropriate promotion strategy in each phase of product life cycle and then companies should devote adequate budget for research and strength the efficiencies of each marketing strategy such as promotion in each stage of product life cycle.