Walking as a form of transportation, is the basis for competitive sports as well as health and fitness. However, in connection with the common style of walking forward much research has been done, however, walking backward has not been noticed and is new to most people (11). Walking backward can have potentially beneficial benefits for rehabilitating a physical injury and be equally important for a sedentary one (14). Electromyographic activity of the lower limb muscles while walking backward is higher than forwards, resulting in more energy consumption (15). Other benefits of walking backward include producing more muscle activity due to the personchr('39')s effort compared to walking forward. This consumes more energy while walking backward. Also, walking back requires more oxygen, metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses than walking forward (16, 17). The researches done in this regard have shortcomings so that in none of the researches, a certain speed has been used and the subjects have practiced at the desired speed and the intensity of the exercises is not known in much researches. On the other hand, in this researches, exercises have been performed on a flat surface without slopes and on the ground, and most of the tests performed have been reported in the field using formulas and mathematical calculations, and laboratory and accurate studies are rarely seen among them. Therefore, according to the above, it is possible to observe different effects in training responses by manipulating the components and training methods. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the effect of four weeks of walking back and forth on a treadmill on the components of body composition and physical fitness in sedentary and overweight girls.

The present study was conducted in a quasi-experimental design with two measurement steps and in two groups (walking forward and walking backward). The statistical population of this study was female students of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad and the statistical sample of the study was 30 female students who were selected voluntarily through available sampling and based on research criteria. Before the start of the study, all subjects attended a coordination session and in this session, after a complete description of the objectives, research method, and possible risks arising from the research, all subjects completed the informed consent form, relevant questionnaires and randomly in two The group of 15 people was divided into walking forward and walking backward. Subjects in both groups performed back and forth walking protocols for four weeks. Measurement of variables from subjects (fat mass weight, lean mass weight, hamstring flexibility, quadriceps flexibility, cardiorespiratory endurance, hamstring muscle strength, quadriceps strength, hamstring endurance, quadriceps endurance- Thigh, static balance) was performed in two stages 24 hours before the first training session and 48 hours after the last training session in the fourth week. The training protocol consisted of four weeks of walking forward on a treadmill (for the forward walking group) and four weeks of walking backward on the treadmill (for the backward walking group), which was performed 3 sessions per week (4). Each session included 5 minutes of warm-up and 5 minutes of cooling with a treadmill at the desired speed. The training speed for 4 weeks was 1.1 m / s equal to 4 km / h and the treadmill slope was equal to 5%. To increase the load, the training time was increased by 5 minutes per week and reached 25 minutes in the last week (4). To measure body composition variables (weight, fat mass, and lean mass) from body composition analyzer with Inbody720 brand made in South Korea, the flexibility of hamstring and quadriceps muscle using a goniometer (9). Maximum oxygen consumption using Bruce test (12), lower body muscle strength using forward thigh movements with the machine and back movement with a supine device (10), muscular endurance using repetition to fatigue test with 70% of maximum repetition The person was moving in front of the thigh and behind the thigh with the device (12) and the balance was measured with the help of the Biodex balance device (13). SPSS statistical software (version 16) was used to analyze the data. Also, to compare intra-group and inter-group changes, the dependent and independent therapeutic methods were used, respectively. P-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.

The results showed that between the two groups walking forward and walking backwards in the values of fat mass weight (p = 0.315), lean mass weight (p=0.872), general balance score (p=0.571), There is no significant difference between posterior anterior balance score (p=0.675), lateral balance score (p=0.987) and maximum oxygen consumption (p=0.053). But between the two groups in terms of superior hamstring muscle flexibility (p=0.001), non-superior hamstring muscle flexibility (p=0.015), superior quadriceps muscle flexibility (p=0.012), muscle flexibility Non-superior quadriceps (p=0.001), hamstring muscle strength (p=0.002), quadriceps muscle strength (p=0.001), hamstring muscle endurance (p=0.003) and endurance There is a significant difference in the quadriceps muscle (p=0.001) in favor of the backward walking group.

The results of the present study showed that walking forward during a four-week training period has a positive effect on improving cardiorespiratory endurance, muscle strength, muscle endurance, muscle flexibility and static balance, however, it has no effect on body composition indicators. The results also showed that walking backwards during a four-week training period has a positive effect on improving muscle strength, muscle endurance, and muscle flexibility and is more effective than walking forward. It also improves cardiorespiratory endurance index and static balance, although it did not show a significant difference with the way of walking forward, however, it had no effect on body composition indices. Therefore, using this method can play an important role in improving physical fitness indicators in sedentary people. Sedentary and overweight girls can use a four-week back-and-forth workout to improve cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, muscle flexibility, and static balance. Back, this method is recommended.

The effects of tillage methods and residual management on yield and yield components of rapeseed (Brassica napus L. CV. Hyola308) were evaluated after rice harvest. The experiment was carried out during 2004-2005 cropping season in a factorical arrangement of treatments at Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII) in Rasht, in a Complete Randomized Block Design with three replications. Treatments included tillage in three methods a) conventional tillage b) minimum tillage, and c) no tillage, and rice residue management in two manners: a) removing residues, and b) not removing residues. Plant traits such as grain yield, oil percentage and yield, plant density, plant height, the lowest pody branch height from soil surface, number of pods per plant, plant and weed dry weight, leaf area index (LAI) and crop growth rate (CGR) were measured. Results indicated that grain yield was affected by the tillage type. Also, the effect of tillage type on plant height, number of pods per plant, the lowest pody branch height from soil surface, and oil yield was significant. The effect of residual management and residual management interaction and tillage were significant on none of the traits except for weed dry weight. Economic analysis indicated that rapeseed planting in a field with rice residual and minimum tillage had a relative advantage of less production cost in spite of nearly 15 percent yield decrease compared to other methods.

Obesity is the most common nutritional disorder and is a significant risk factor for numerous adult diseases including periodontitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of human body composition (obesity) and periodontal disease using wireless body analysis scale in individuals aged 18 to 36 years.
140 individuals (70 normal and 70 obese subjects) were evaluated in this historical cohort study. The periodontal examination consisted of: Probing Pocket Depth (PPD), Clinical Attachment Level (CAL), Plaque Index (PLI) and Bleeding on Probing (BOP). Body Mass Index (BMI) and body composition parameters (consisting of Body Water, Body Fat, Muscle Mass, Bone Mass, Lean Mass and Visceral Fat) were measured using ihealth scale body analysis hs-5 device. Sociodemographic variables and periodontal disease risk indicators were evaluated as covariates. Results were evaluated by Mann-U- Whitney tests and Spearmen coefficient calculation.
All periodontal indexes were significantly higher in the case group compared to control (P The results of this study indicate that there are correlations between human body composition and periodontal status in young adults.

Biotite، the dominant ferromagnesian mineral in granitoid rocks، can be used to discriminate tectonic setting، magma types and magnetite- ilmenite series. In this study، we analyzed biotite with an electron microprobe (wavelength dispersion) from different granitoids. Intrusive rocks from Maherabad porphyry Cu-Au prospecting are meta-aluminous. Biotite from Maherabad are Mg-rich type and the ratio of Fe/ (Fe+Mg) is 0. 286-0. 309. Maherabad biotite compositions fall in the field of (sub-alkaline) calc-alkaline orogenic suites. Based on High TiO2 and low Al2O3 in biotites، Maherabad also belongs to magnetite series. Intrusive rocks from Najmabad، Dehnow، Gheshlagh and Khajehmourad (NDGK) are classified as belonging to the ilmenite-series of reduced S-type granitoids. Biotite from NDGK areas are Fe-rich and the Fe/ (Fe+Mg) ratio in Najmabad is 0. 491-0. 511، in Dehnow-Kuhsangi 0. 583-0. 675، Gheshlagh 0. 56-0. 58، and Khajehmourad 0. 705-0. 720. respectively NDGK biotite compositions fall in the field of peraluminous granite (P) suites (S-type). Based on low TiO2 and high Al2O3 in biotites، Najmabad، Dehnow and Gheshlagh biotite belong to ilmenite series.

In order to evaluate the effects of water salinity on ajowan (Carum copticum L.), a completely randomized design was conducted in Esfahan province in 2007. Eight water salinity treatments (0.3-21 dS/m) with 3 replications were applied in the field. The seeds (at ripening) and foliage (initial flowering) of ajowan were harvested. After drying the plant materials in shade, their essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation. The oils were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography, using flame ionization and mass spectrometric detection. According to results seed and foliage oils percentage were 3.5-4.4 and 0.25-0.35 cc/100 g, respectively. Maximum seed and foliage oils yield were 8.3 and 2.4 cc/m2 and minimum were 3.5 and 1.5 cc/m2 in control and in 21 dS/m, respectively. Maximum biological and seed yields were 202.7 and 1367.6 and minimum were 96.7 and 739.5 gr/m2 in control and 21dS/m, respectively. The most important constituents of essential oil were: thymol (55.5% and 56.2%), γ-terpinene (22.5% and 26.9%), ρ-cymene (14.2% and 11.2%), limonene (1.9% and 0.5%) and carvacrol (0.3% and 1.4%), respectively.

Background and As the strategy defined by the WHO for traditional medicine in the years 2014-2023 focuses on extensive research, a basic scope required here is the field of compounded medicine, which is emphasized in Qarabadin-Kabir as the best sciences. By the traditional compounding medicines principles, new systems of combination drugs can be designed in which the side effects are reduced and the effectiveness is increased, so this study was performed.
Methods and Materials: This is a research on the principles of combining medicine in traditional Iranian and Chinese medicine are discussed and their similarities and differences have been disscused. For traditional Iranian medicine, we studied the book Qarabadin-Kabir of Aghili and for traditional Chinese medicine, we used the available books written in English including: “Chinese herbal formulas treatment principles and composition strategies” and “Systems biology for herbal medicine”, and the related articles from the databases including: Google Scholar, Sciencedirect, Scopus, Pubmed, Nature, and Embase by the keywords of “complex herbal products in traditional medicine”, “combination of herbs”, and “composition strategy of herbal formula” in May 2015 were searched.
Despite the differences in basic principles, the rules of combination drugs have many similarities between traditional Iranian and Chinese medicine. As both of them in the expression of reasons for compounding ingredients have focused on some points including mutual accentuation, mutual enhancement, mutual counteraction, mutual suppression, mutual antagonism, and mutual incompatibility. The structural model of formulations in Iranian and Chinese traditional medicine are similar and contains: active ingredients, assistants, envoys, and reformers of side effects.
Traditional medical treatments can help current medication by identifying the special characteristics of each component according to traditional knowledge and general properties of the final formulation, with considering the component's role based on the structural model. A wide array of research on traditional medicines can be directed as reverse pharmacology and so the philosophy of traditional combination products can be better explained.