The aim of this study is to investigate factors affecting pomegranate growers'' tendency toward agricultural insurance in Natanz County. Sample size was 250 that were selected by Kucran formula collected by questionnaire. Questionnaire reliability was examined by Cronbach''s Alpha method about 80 percent. Findings revealed that willingness to insurance has direct relation with age، background in orchard production، number of household members، awareness toward insurance، positive attitude about insurance، risk prone، social participator، use of information resources in relation to insurance، annual income، production amount، total area of orchard. Moreover، those pomegranate growers that agricultural production was their second job، in compare to those who agricultural production was their main job، had more tendency toward insurance. Besides، those who got into debt in compare to those who did not get into debt had more tendency toward insurance. Using information resources to enhance pomegranate growers'' awareness toward insurance، delivering supportive services for small holder pomegranate growers، and installment of insurance amount for those who have less earned income، are some part of those recommendations which have been presented in this study in order to enhance tendency toward agricultural insurance.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficiency of pomegranate growers in Khash County using two methods of data envelopment analysis and super-efficiency analysis. The required information was collected by completing a questionnaire from pomegranate growers in Khash County. The results of this study showed that the average level of technical efficiency in the Khash County in the model assuming constant return to the scale is 0.46 and in the model variable returns to the scale is 0.68 and there is a clear difference in the level of technical efficiency between the studied gardens. The most important reason is the inefficiency in how to manage the use of inputs. The range of efficiency levels in the Super-Efficiency Model was between 0.08 to 6.86%, which shows a great difference between pomegranate gardens in terms of input consumption. The results of ranking pomegranate gardens using the Super-Efficiency approach with input-oriented assumption showed that the ranking of inefficient gardens is similar to data envelopment analysis. Therefore, it is recommended to increase and improve the efficiency of pomegranate producers by proper management and optimal allocation of inputs used in the pomegranate production process and the support of relevant agencies.

omegranate product in Khash city causes this city enjoys a considerable advantage in terms of the production of this product. In this paper the performance of Khash township pomegranate producers was evaluated with a comprehensive analysis of supercharged performance. In this regard, the relevant information to complete the questionnaire in 2015 pomegranate growers in Khash city, were collected based on a comprehensive analysis method and the desired results were compared with analysis ubiquitous super-efficiency. In general, the results showed that the average level of technical efficiency in the model assuming constant returns to scale (CCR method) 0.46% and the mean level of technical efficiency in the model, the variable returns to scale (BCC method) 0.68%. Also pomegranate orchards under different levels of technical efficiency is evident that the major cause of inefficiency in the management of inputs, It is suggested that, with proper management and allocation of inputs used in the vineyards, pomegranate production efficiency can be increased.

One factor that has highlighted the role of agriculture in the economy is to make the marketing system of agricultural products more efficient. The main purpose of this study was to identify the requirements of marketing the organic pomegranate of Paveh, Kermanshah Province, Iran, from the perspective of farmers. In order to identify contributing factors, an exploratory factor analysis was used. The population of this study consisted of the pomegranate growers of Paveh (N=2000) and 320 people were selected using the Cochran formula and a proportional stratified sampling method. The main research instrument was a questionnaire that was completed by interview. Validity and reliability were confirmed using the feedbacks of advisors through 0.78 Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The results showed that the requirements were classified in eight factors of motivational improvement such as informing, technical, policy, economic, marketing, infrastructure, management, and social– services and they could explain 87 percent of the organic pomegranate marketing variance.

The most important sources of risk that farmers face include economic risks such as fluctuations in the price of raw materials needed by farmers, including seeds and chemical fertilizers, as well as social risks such as theft from farms and agricultural machinery and natural hazards such as pests and diseases of crops. (Hosseini et al., 2021). The agricultural sector has special capabilities due to its continuous and sustainable economic growth, food security, return on investment, currency appreciation, lower valuation, creating social justice in comparison with other economic sectors of the country, so that it has been able to play a very significant role in the economic field. Have a country (Mousavi and Khosravi Pour, 2020). In recent years, due to the growing population and the growing need for food and clothing, the initial human attitude to nature, which was a friendly attitude, gave way to one-sided interaction with nature (Vahedi et al., 2021). Therefore, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, hormonal products and antibiotics entered the agricultural sector and by using the improved cultivars, great successes were achieved in increasing the production of agricultural products to meet the growing demand for food (Azami et al., 2019). Therefore, considering the importance of organic products in Saveh, in this study, the effective factors on risk management determinants of organic products in Saveh using the method of genetic function approximation and logit algorithm to determine what factors affect the risk of products Organic in Saveh city in changing the pattern of cultivation of environmental products. Nowadays, considering that any agricultural activity faces risk due to the existence of harmful natural events, planning to reduce the amount of risk and increase the security of investment in this sector is essential. Therefore, identifying important factors and determinants affecting farmers' risk management is of particular importance. The aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting the risk of pomegranate growers in Saveh city with the focus on changing the pattern of environmental cultivation using the approximation method of algorithm function and logit regression model. Statistical sample was collected using random sampling method from 130 pomegranate growers in the city in 2020 . Education factors, consumption of animal manure, interest in organic farming, type of tree breed, reduce soil and water pollution, working capital and insurance of pomegranate crop have been positively related to the risk of Kashmir pomegranate growers.

- Statistical community and required data The area under irrigated and rainfed crops of Saveh plain is estimated at 62,540 hectares, which varies in terms of rainfall under different climatic conditions. The statistical population of the present study includes all organic farmers in Saveh region who cultivate selected crops such as irrigated wheat, barley, cantaloupe, pomegranate and grapes in their Faryab or irrigated lands. Pomegranate is considered as a strategic product and index of Saveh city as the center of world production and in terms of the area under pomegranate cultivation, Saveh city is the second province in the country, but in terms of production per unit area and quality, it has the first place. The statistical population includes 130 Saveh pomegranate producers and the statistical sample was extracted from 130 organic products of Saveh (in 1399) using simple random sampling method. Data and information related to the level of cultivation of organic products in Saveh city were collected from the region. In this study, the factors affecting the risk of Saveh organic products have been predicted using the functional approximation of genetic algorithm and Logit, which is briefly described in the method of genetic function approximation algorithm. The genetic algorithm is inspired by Darwin's genetics and evolutionary theory and is based on the survival of the fittest or natural selection. A common application of genetic algorithms is to use it as an optimization function. The algorithm operates on a range of disciplines called populations, and this population evolves and is searched for this purpose. According to the GFA model, a search criterion is performed for each field. Three corresponding operators, namely selection, mixing, and mutation, are executed. New members are scored according to the fit criteria. In GFA, scoring criteria for models are based on the quality of regression fitted to the data. Election opportunities must be added to each new member and re-evaluated for the population. This method continues for a certain number of generations until convergence is achieved (Samuel et al., 2015). Below each of the three operators is examined.

In the agricultural sector, there are natural hazards (drought, hail, etc.), social (theft) and economic (price fluctuations). Therefore, the producers of this sector are forced to allocate resources optimally in more uncertain conditions and environments than other economic sectors. Considering the importance of organic products in Saveh and the region, in this study, the effective factors on risk management determinants of organic products in order to change the pattern of environmental cultivation in Saveh city using the method of genetic function approximation and logit algorithm. Based on the results, education variables, animal manure consumption, market knowledge of organic produce, natural disaster (drought and frost), interest in organic farming, price fluctuations and stability, tree species, soil and water pollution reduction, working capital Organic crop insurance and reduction of farmer income from organic crop cultivation Factors affecting the risk of Saveh organic products can be mentioned. Among the effective factors of education, use of animal manure, interest in organic farming, tree species, reduction of soil and water pollution, working capital and crop insurance have a positive relationship with the risk of Saveh organic products, among which working capital (savings) is effective. Has been more positive on farmers' risk. Also, the components of not knowing the market of organic products, the cause of heat and frost, price fluctuations and its instability and reducing the income of organic farmers have had a negative impact on risk. The results obtained from the logit model estimation also showed that education factor, market knowledge of organic product, interest in organic farming and working capital have become significant. Among the components of education, interest and working capital have a positive effect on pomegranate risk management. In this regard, it is suggested that in order to reduce the risk management of pomegranate growers, the government should intervene in the management of the agricultural products market and increase the insurance of agricultural products, and reduce the price differences to the final consumer between pomegranate growers to a minimum. Organic farming and working capital reduced risk management for organic pomegranates.

Nowadays, more attention is being paid to customers’ satisfaction as funding decisions are made. Extension organization, which plays an important role in educating farmers, must know how far the learners are satisfied with its educational program. Accordingly, this study was conducted in Yazd Province (Iran) with the main objective of investigating the pomegranate growers’ satisfaction with their extension-education courses. A survey method was adopted for the study and 150 people were selected as sample out of 478 learners participating in the courses from 2003-2004 throughout the province. A questionnaire was developed as the tool of study. The questionnaire was found to be valid and reliable (Cronbachs'' alpha was 0.93). The results showed that the courses did not achieve many of their teaching objectives and were assessed as achieving their goals to a moderate extent. The contents of the courses were assessed as being comprehensive, applied, and new to a high, moderate, and low extent, respectively. The respondents are very satisfied with teachers’ characteristics and with the locality and facilities of courses, but were satisfied with teaching methods to a low extent. They generally had a positive and favorable attitude towards the pomegranate extension-education courses. According to the study there were significant relationships between learners’ satisfaction with courses and their annual income, pomegranate yield, pomegranate production, times of participation in courses, and attitude toward the courses. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that three variables, attitude toward the courses, pomegranate yield and pomegranate production totally accounted for 77.8 percent of variations in learners’ satisfaction with the pomegranate extension-education courses.

Experiments were conducted to test the effects of two different paper bags، white single- and green double-layers، on fruit quality and sunburn of pomegranate (Punica granatum cv. Rabab Neiriz). Young fruits، at 35 days after full bloom، were covered by bags. The results showed that white single layer bag increased size and weight of fruits and aril weight in comparison to those of control. In contrary، green bag reduced size and weight of fruits. Green bag reduced peel water content; however، there were no significant differences in aril water content. Green bag delayed fruit ripening. Results indicated that bagging significantly reduced total phenolics and anthocyanin content. Antioxidant activity increased in white bags covered fruits، and reduced in those of green bag covered ones. Bagging treatments decreased sunburn intensity and sunburn areas. White bag was the most effective treatment for increasing quality and reducing sunburn in pomegranate fruit cv، Rabab Neiriz. Therefore، the use of white bags، due to the enhancing of quality and decreasing of sunburn، can be useful for pomegranate cv. ''Rabab Neiriz''. This could then serve as a useful tool for pomegranate growers to use white single layer bags to increase fruit quality and control sunburn.

Pomegranate is one of the most important strategic agricultural products of Tarom Township. Despite the important place of this product in the livelihood of rural households, the marketing of this product, like other agricultural products in Iran, has many problems. Any planning in the field of improving the pomegranate market requires understanding the marketing behaviors of pomegranates. Therefore, this descriptive-correlational study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting the marketing behavior of pomegranates in Tarom Township. multi-stage random cluster method was done in sampling stage and the number of samples was selected and studied using Cochran's formula of 160 people out of 5207 people whit step by step and according to the number of farmers in rural areas and villages. Data were analyzed by survey using a structured questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed and using SPSSWin22 software. The results showed that the variables of pomegranate sales point, financing sources, water supply source, access to credit and financial services, receiving loans from banks and financial institutions, pomegranate history, annual agricultural income, approximate distance from garden to sales center, total garden performance The rate of self-consumption of pomegranate, the cost of transporting pomegranate to the market for sale and the use of local intermediaries in the village to obtain information have a positive and significant relationship with the marketing behavior of pomegranates.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the quality of IPM/FFS training courses based on QFD method among orchardists of Illam Province. Also, as part of the QFD study, a need assessment survey was conducted to extract the educational needs of target group based on Borich model. The study population consisted of all the northern grape and pomegranate growers participated in the IPM/FFS training courses (N= 420). A sample of 201 persons was selected through a simple random sampling manner. To collect data, a questionnaire was administered which its validity and reliability were confirmed. The second part of needed data was gathered by conducting an interview with extension specialists. Data analysis was performed using SSPSV20 and Edraw maxv20 software. The completed QFD chart was revealed that both of the “seeking ideas regarding the satisfaction of IPM/FFS training courses” and “holding classes in accordance with the principles of adult education and facilitation” were identified as the most relevant service characteristics to the participants’ needs, by showing the absolute and relative weight of 502.11, 8.64 and 469.35, 8.07, respectively. This means that these two service characteristics showed a significant impact on addressing the participants’ needs. Among the service characteristics, “promotion of interest to use substitute solutions” and “seeking ideas regarding the satisfaction of IPM/FFS courses” had strong positive relationship with almost others. At last, the study followed by some suggestions to better implementing the IPM/FFS training courses

The present study was aimed at studying the effects of inclusion of pomegranate seed extract to fat-containing diets on nutrients digestibility, intestinal microflora and performance of broilers. A total of 320 one-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were selected in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 4 replicates of 10 birds of each. The dietary treatments consisted of pomegranate seed extract (0 and 2%), commercial Nutriad® antioxidant (0 and 0.01%) and soybean oil without antioxidant (0 and 6% during the grower period and 0 and 8% for finisher period). The chicks were reared from 1 to 10 days in one group. On the eleventh day, 10 chicks per pen were randomly allocated to each cage per replicate. Data were performed in generalized linear model (GLM) procedures in SAS at 5% level of significance and the least square means correction after Tukey’s test was used. Commercial antioxidant improved crude fat digestibility and decreased population of caecum Lactobacillus, but pomegranate seed extract improved crude fat digestibility and increased caecum Lactobacillus population. Due to positive effects of pomegranate seed extract in fat containing diets on fat digestibility and Lactobacillus bacteria in caecum, it could be concluded that using pomegranate seed extract in fat containing diets could be useful.