In this study، the effect of recycle liquor resulted from alkaline pre- extraction step and its reuse on next pre- extraction step was investigated to produce soda-AQ pulp from wheat straw. This pre-extraction was done at a temperature of 140°c and 90 minute to get its weight decrease about 8-10 percent. Under alkaline pre-extraction، liquor of this step was used as pre extracted liquor of wheat straw in next step (first recycle liquor step)، and liquor from first recycle liquor step was used as pre-extracted liquor of wheat straw in next step (second recycle liquor step). According to produced pulp from alkaline pre-extracted straw and recycled liquor compared with un pre-extracted one and in order to gain kappa number 12، results have shown that total yield based on primary weight of straw particles in pre extracted cook was equal to un pre- extracted straw. The pre-extracted soda-AQ pulp had weaker reactions to refine than un the pre-extracted control pulp. Pre-extracted Straw pulp had equal tearing strength، and lower bursting and tensile strengths than the control pulp.

In this study, hot water pre-extraction of barley straw followed with soda and monoethanolamine pulping was investigated. Pre-extraction that resulted in removal of 28 % of barley straw hemicelluloses and pre-extraction yield of 72.7 % was selected as the optimum pre-extraction treatment. The pulping results show that among the pulps from pre-extracted barley straw and barley straw without pre-extraction, monoethanolamine pulps have the highest yields. Also, the yields of pulps were drastically dropped after hot water pre-extraction. At the same pulping conditions, the kappa numbers of pulps that produced from pre-extracted barley straw were decreased more than that of from barley straw without pre-extraction in soda pulping, but this effect is not seen in the case of monoethanoleamine pulps. Pre-extraction of barley straw followed with soda pulping resulted in pulps with higher tensile, burst and tear indices in comparison to untreated samples. In the case of monoethanoleamine pulp the similar trend can be seen in except of tensile index. The brightness of pulps from pre-extracted barley straw is decreased while the pre-extraction has no effect on pulp opacities.

In this paper, some categorical properties of the category { Pre-Dcpo} of all pre-dcpos; pre-ordered sets which are also pre-directed complete, with pre-continuous maps between them is considered. In particular, we characterize products and coproducts in this category. Furthermore, we show that this category is neither complete nor cocomplete. Also, epimorphisms and monomorphisms in {Pre-Dcpo} are described.Finally, some adjoint relations between the category {Pre-Dcpo} and others are considered.More precisely, we consider the forgetful functors between this category and some well-known categories, and study the existence of their left and right adjoints.

Hemicellulose pre-extraction and recovering before pulping process is an approach for supplying the sugar feedstock used in production of fuels and chemicals. Wheat straw hot water pre-extraction for reaching to 10 % weight loss was carried out in the present study. Pre-extracted liquor from each stage was used as a media for subsequent extraction stage (three stages) in pre-extraction process. The results showed that soda-AQ pulping of pre-extracted straw is performed at less severe conditions i.e. shorter time and lower temperature as compared to non-pre-extracted straw. The pulping yield of pre-treated straw was higher than control pulp; however, the total pulp yield (based on oven dried weight of raw straw) was lower in the pre-extracted samples. Due to lack of hemicelluloses, pre-extracted pulps showed a weaker response to refining and the produced handsheets had lower tear index and air resistant than handsheets made of non pre-extracted pulp, while no significant difference was noticed in burst and tensile indices of handsheets produced from extracted and non-extracted pulp samples.

Unbleached Kraft pulp made from poplar chips, Pre-treated by Trametes versicolor in 1, 2 and 3 weeks (Bio-Kraft pulp), was used as raw material in this study. Mentioned pulp after each step of bleaching, in ECF method at DED sequence, characterized in the lignin content, and effective groups on the brightness reversion (Carbonyl, carboxyl and Hexenuronic acid). In order to evaluation of brightness reversion, 60 g/m2 standard handsheets made from above pulps treated in thermal and UV ageing and then measured its brightness. Results showed that by increasing in pre-treatment time, in all bleached treatments, lignin content increased excluding D1 step in 3-weeks pre-treatment; Carbonyl groups was the lowest content in 1-week pre-treatment (third step) and 2-weeks pre-treatment (first step) and carboxyl groups and hexenuronic acid decreased after 3 step sequence bleaching. Effect of thermal pre-treatment ageing on brightness reversion considerably more than UV treatment. Also, paper from pre-treated chips in 1 and 2 weeks had minimum brightness reversion and paper from 3-weeks fungal pre-treatment chips had maximum brightness reversion due to more carbonyl and Hex-A. In this respect, 2-weeks pre-treatment time confirmed for fungal pre-treatment.

In this study, the alkaline pre-extraction followed with soda and monoethanolamine pulping of barley straw was investigated. The pre-extraction stage with removal of 34percent hemicelluloses due to highest yield was selected as optimum treatment. The results of pulping show that pre-extraction stage resulted in decrease of yield in both pulping processes meanwhile only in soda process the kappa number was influenced with pre-extraction stage. Tensile and burst indices of pulps drop because of pre-extraction stage. Unlike of these indices, the tear index of soda pulp from pre-extracted barley straw has been increased. The brightness of soda pulp from pre-extracted barley straw is increased while the pre-extraction stage has no significant effect on brightness of monoethanolamine pulps. The opacity of pulps remains unchanged after pre-extraction.

In this paper, we defined the concepts of fuzzy $n$-fold obstinate (pre)filter and maximal fuzzy (pre)filter of $EQ$-algebras and discussed the properties of them. We show that every maximal fuzzy (pre)filter of $mathcal{LomE}$ is normalized and takes only the values ${0, 1}$. Also we show that in good $EQ$-algebra, if $m$ is a normalized fuzzy (pre)filter of $mathcal{LomE}$, then $m$ is a fuzzy $n$-fold obstinate (pre)filter of $mathcal{LomE}$ if and only if every normalized fuzzy (pre)filter of quotient algebra $mathcal{LomE}/m$ is a fuzzy $n$-fold obstinate (pre)filter of $mathcal{LomE}/m$.
Also, we verify relation between fuzzy obstinate $n$-fold (pre)filters and other fuzzy (pre)filters of $EQ$-algebras.

This research aims to identify the competencies of school principals based on Iranian studies for effective leadership in schools. Therefore, this research has been developed using a qualitative method and using meta-synthesis strategy. Therefore, after checking the keywords of managers' competence in internal databases, 150 types of research were extracted from 2005 to 2020, and finally, 70 types of research were included in the final analysis. The results included 19 primary pre-organizer themes and six secondary pre-organizer themes. Secondary pre-organizer themes include; Individual competencies (with primary pre-organizer themes: personal, professional, and functional), interactive competencies (with primary pre-organizer themes: intra-organizational interactions, extra-organizational interactions, and team building and teamwork), job competencies (with primary pre-organizer themes: career development, human resource management, and job recognition), organizational competencies (with primary pre-organizer themes: leadership, managerial-executive, soft capacity making, organizational effectiveness, and organizational quality), technical-specialized competencies (with primary pre-organizer themes: technological skills and knowledge skills), financial competencies (with primary pre-organizer themes: budgeting, financial management and planning, and financial efficiency and effectiveness). In the end, in addition to the network of themes, a competency model of school principals has also been drawn based on the results

In the present research, kenaf chips have been pre-extracted to weight loss levels of about 8.5, 11.5 and 14.5%, based on oven dried Kenaf chips by hot water and acid catalyzed hot water prior to pulping process. Pre-extracted and un-pretreated (control sample) Kenaf chips were converted to pulp by soda-AQ process at three cooking times 60, 90 and 120 minutes. The results of pre-extraction stage indicated that pre-extraction time to achieve a specified weight loss has been reduced with addition acid catalysis (Sulphric Acid). The results of pulping indicated that pulp yield reduced by increasing cooking time as well as weight loss of Kenaf chips in pre-extraction stage. In terms of the average pulp yield and kappa number at constant cooking time, there were significant differences at 1% error level between un-extracted (control sample) and the chips pre-extracted to 8.5, 11.5 and 14.5% weight loss. As, control pulp had highest yield and kappa number and pre-extracted pulp, at 14.5% weight loss, had lowest yield. In addition, in terms of pulp yield there were significant differences at 1% error level between un-preextracted (control) Kenaf chips and samples extracted with pure hot water and acid catalyzed hot water at any weight loss levels of 8.5, 11.5 and 14.5%. Control pulp had highest and hot water pre-extracted pulp had lowest yield. Significant differences at 1% error level were observed between control sample and pre-extracted Kenaf chips at similar amounts of weight loss in terms of average pulp kappa but there were no significant differences for average kappa number between pulps pre-extracted from hot water and acid catalyzed treatments. The results of physical and strength properties of hand sheets showed that different strength amounts were reduced by increasing the amounts of pre-extracted weight loss from 8.5 to 14.5% for all second pre-extraction methods. On the other hands, strength amounts of pulp from hot water pre-extracted Kenaf chips were often lower than pulp samples pre-extracted by acid catalyzed hot water.

Clinical manifestations، maternal and fetal outcomes and occurrence in mild and severe types of pre-eclampsia are different and it leads to consider different pathogenesis and risk factors are available in types of pre-eclampsia. The aim of this study is to compare pre-eclampsia risk factors in mild and severe types. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 498 pregnant women (330 normal pregnant and 168 pre-eclamptic pregnant women) in 2012. Data were collected by a form through face to face interview and medical records. Variables were age، Body Mass Index (BMI)، parity، place of inhabitants، occupation، blood groups and RH، maternal diseases، Familial marriages، multiple pregnancy، fetal gender، previous history of pre-eclampsia and current urinary tract infection. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 16)، t-test، ANOVA، tukey post-hoc، chi-square tests and logistic regression analysis. P value less than 0. 05 was considered significant. Pre-eclamptic pregnant women were older with higher BMI than normal ones. Majority of pre-eclamptic patients had negative RH. Results showed significant differences between pre-eclampsia and age، BMI، history of abortion، RH، history of pre-eclampsia and chronic hypertension. After chronic hypertension، respectively، negative RH and history of abortion could elevate the risk of mild pre-eclampsia. BMI could only elevate the risk of mild pre-eclampsia. Negative RH and history of preeclampsia increased the risk of severe preeclampsia. Furthermore; multiparity had a preventive effect on mild and severe types of pre-eclampsia. Chronic hypertension، history of abortion and BMI are the independent risk factors of mild pre-eclampsia and history of pre-eclampsia is the only risk factor of severe type. Negative RH is the common risk factor for mild and severe types.