Urban public realms are as the spaces for presence of people and places for citizen's interaction and urban activities; so occurs many urban functions in them. Therefore, citizen's health depends on the quality and efficiency of urban public realms. A good urban public realm, where users prefer and use it persists. People prefer to reduce their presence in the public realms or change them, if they dont compatible with the needs of users or they dont understand quality of them. Understanding the quality of public realm is a purposeful process in which environmental data is received by the people. So it is dependent on environmental conditions and characteristics of individual perception. The aim of this article is to study quality of urban public realms and facilitate social relations in them. So, it has relied on the phenomenological approach of human and environment interaction in understanding urban public realms quality and utilized to Grounded theory to study the behavioral pattern of Mashhad metropolitan public realms. Spearman correlation test results show that there is a significant correlation between user desires and perceived environment meaning. People's desires and expectations of urban public realms and Discover the meaning of environment are created on the basis of individual and social characteristics. As well, the perceived quality is affected by age, gender and level of individual awareness of the environment and also the purpose of visiting public realms.

A city’s public realm is territories and urban spaces which facilitate people’s presence while are benefited by individual and social activities. For a comprehensive definition, public realm is the inclusive, accessible urban places during the 24 hours of the day that provides a ground for social interaction and association. Designing and shaping a public realm is one of the main attentions of urban design. From the beginning of 60’s, many architectures and urban design pioneers such as Jane Jacobs, Francis Tibbalds, Tridib Banerjee,…have talked about the decline of the public realm and even the death of public spaces, mentioning the constant reduction of quality as a cause. With a brief look at the results of modern cities and opinions about improving the public realm, we can distinguish the qualitative factors affecting the quality improvement of public realm. Facilitating the presence and movement of automobiles cost a lot for the modern city. As a result, urban spaces were invaded and dominated by cars and pollution. Jane Jacobs believes that urban planners failed to accommodate cities and cars. Le Corbusier, one of the pioneers of modern architecture and urban planning tried to make car-oriented planning as an inseparable part of his designs by creating large scale express ways and fast physical changes in response to functional needs. But according to Jane Jacobs the result wasn’t anything but the loneliness and uselessness of open spaces. Similarly Tibbalds considered too much attention towards cars as a cause of cities and urban environmental decline. Extinction and decline of the public realm as the spaces for people’s public and civic life results in anti-social behavioral, unwillingness to association and social cooperation, reduction of social diversity, social abnormalities, frustration and indifference towards the public realm, environmental pollutions, physical and psychological health reduction, fragmentation of spaces and placelessness. So apparently the famous modernism motto “form follows function” had faced a serious defeat because the improvement of the quality in the two dimensions of form and function although it was not enough to create a place in the public realm and it seemed other dimensions should be taken into account. With the emerge of concepts such as semantics and semiotics in literature and linguistics and their introduction to other disciplines, architecture and urban planning and design did not stay away from these concepts either. Accordingly people like Robert Venturi, Scatt Brown, and Kevin Lynch believe that every phenomenon has a third component named as ‘meaning’ besides form and function which was forgotten or denied completely by functionalists completely. On the other hand people like Jon Gehl, William Whyte, Jacobs and others emphasized greatly on the social content of the public realm since its people who are the embellishment and constructors of the public realm. So it is hard to percept space without its social content. Therefore improving the quality of a public place is dependent on quality improvement of social and semantic components of the public realm which has two components of function and form. A public realm that considers the improvement of every quality aspect plays an important role in different aspects of human life and vivacity and favorability of citizenship. In social dimension while civil life provides a context for social interaction it can improve social abilities, sociability and decrease antisocial behavior and even crime. On the other hand such a realm encourages social events, conviviality and tourism. Since a quality public realm provides the possibility of daily physical movement, cycling and running, in the health related aspects, it entails a longer life span, decreases in stress levels and depression, shows lower risk of heart attack, diabetes, cancer, and bone problems. The fulfilled civil life requirement from an environmental point results in the development of a sustainable public transport which is followed by improvement of air quality, opportunities of different species life quality, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, pollutions and acidic rains. Regarding the economic aspects, urban vitality causes progress in the implementation of regional economy, land value and investment increase, business and occupation success and tourist attraction. This article intends to present a comprehensive model of the qualitative components of public realm by analysis an uprising the opinion of theoreticians and the existing literature. The model demonstrates that in order to improve and achieve the quality of public realm there is a need for a sustainable process with the contribution of a constant design led management.

Understanding the relationship between human settlement's spatial structure and residents' social life is one of city researchers' major challenges. One of the most important spatial structures of a city is the public realm. Public realms are usually constructed for free usage of general society people. Everyone has the right to access and use public realms. A public place's public realms is a place for social interactions and creates the city's social life, an important factor is the public realm's security and how safe people feel in this space. It is no doubt that public realms would lose their efficiency. The present research's method is descriptive-analytical and has a practical purpose. The general tool for data gathering consists of library studies and questionnaire completion by the citizens of the Dohezar district. This questionnaire was designed proportional to the information type and based on the Likert Scale. This research's statistical population consists of Bandar Abbas Dohezar citizens, and the statistical sample consists of 376 residents that have been computed and chosen by the Cochran formula, and the questionnaire distribution method is simple random sampling. Path analysis method and soft wares SPSS and AMOS were used in data analysis. The results depict that the most influential component on security is the movement and access indicator, and the least influential is access quality. Considering the research results, five approaches of scale and spatial frame, movement and access network, environmental comfort, access quality, and activity and ground control caused security enhancement in the public realm.

Neighborhoods’ public realms get their sustainability from the presence of residents but the COVID-19 pandemic restricted the attendance of people. Hence, in light of the social capital paradigm may be revitalized the public realms. Adopting the approach of social capital and its components namely: social interaction, social participation, and spatial equity can improve the socio-physical characteristics of public realms during the outbreak of COVID-19. The extant study was conducted to evaluate the effect of COVID-19 on public realms of neighborhoods from the point of view of architecture and urbanism experts based on the components of social capital. This study aims to achieve strategies for planning and designing public realms by considering the COVID-19 condition, through which public spaces can be promoted in socio-physical dimensions. This research was quantitative with an inferential approach. The evaluation of 128 different nation scholars has been analyzed with an inferential approach and exploited LISREL8.8 and SPSS23 for their analysis. Findings indicate that the indicators of social interaction (Sig. <0.359) and spatial equity (Sig. <0.174) from most experts' views have the same structure and have a significant impact on the public realms of neighborhoods according to the pandemic. Moreover, there is a substantial difference in the social participation (Sig. >0.022) indicators between the two groups of experts. Re-programming activity and restructuring physical (social interaction) developing and expanding green and open spaces and physical and functional flexibility (spatial equity) are the most important indicators for promoting public realms.

Public realm, one of the concepts propounded by Jürgen Habermas and Hannah Arendt can be regarded as decentralized and anonymous communication networks on common interests which combine various disciplines of communication. This realm and its function in various fields, despite the different interpretations offered by scholars, is one of the concerns of contemporary thinkers. On the other hand, more recent concept of third space have been mentioned by contemporary thinkers such as Edward Soja and Homi Bhabha. By utilizing this subject, this research attempts to answer this question “By using the concept of the third space, how can the public realm be revived for the target group of women in the study?” Spaces such as cafes, as observed in this study, have been able to attract more women as the main audience; therefore the reason behind this and the function of these spaces are the focus of this research. The current study has been carried out by the ‘Qualitative research’ approach along with interpretive paradigm in terms of methodology. The ethnographic method was employed for the application of the results of the literature review and observations in the central district of Tehran(Enghelab Street) with respect to the target group of women.

Since ancient times, all schools of thought and different people and societies have introduced characteristics of the best living place (environment or space) for humans. These were introduced by philosophers and thinkers in different societies. In the contemporary era, because of the physical expansion of cities as a result of the development of transportation systems in addition to the growth of tourism, city environments and especially their public domains demand specific characteristics. The main goal of this research is to introduce and explain “features of the best urban public realm.” Analytical reasoning is the main research method used to answer this question. The main characteristics of the good public realm are derived from that part of human needs which is present in public spaces. These human needs can be categorized into three groups, namely spiritual, mental, and physiological. These are corresponding to the three dimensions of human life, those which are mentioned by different religions and schools of thought. Since this research is done in Iran, these human dimensions inevitably derive from Islamic beliefs.

Currently, the application of the principles of sustainable development in urban public realms is taken into consideration. Active engagement with life is conducted by providing participation, activity and social interaction of citizens with each other. Thus, the participation of citizens in these realms is effective in their physical and mental health and sustainable urban design objectives. So in this article, recognition of the urban public realms which have the value for the participation from the perspective of citizens have been studied and analyzed. In conducting this research, correlation and survey research methods have been used. Also, questionnaire as data gathering tool and SPSS and Smart PLS as data analysis and assessment tools and structural model of confirmatory factor analysis and the analysis method of Partial Least Squares as the method of the data analysis have been applied. Statistical population of this research was all over-15-years citizens who used urban public realms of Shiraz. Also the sample group were 176 persons of statistical population and Cronbach's alpha was 0.805. Results of this research emphasize that from the perspective of citizens of Shiraz, measures of vitality, lack of pollution and being green, the Capability of Recognition and experience, suitability and integrity, inclusiveness and lack of crime are important in citizen participation. The highest correlation is between the suitability and integrity and the capability of recognition and experience.

tourism is among recent postmodern approaches in satisfying the cultural needs of today’s world. This study investigates the dynamics of urban tourism places that can affect the attraction of cultural tourists. Firstly, urban tourism places such as historical places were recognized by implementing an analytical approach, and a framework resulting from their constructing factors in the city was defined. Through analyzing the concepts and objectives of this research, the recognized places were identified as cultural tourism places in the city. Secondly, the researcher conducted an analytical approach to identify how these factors influence cultural tourist attraction using cultural tourists’ experiences to complete the framework and the resulting analytical model. Finally, to examine the research hypotheses in an urban area, Paris City was selected as a case study. Cultural tourism places in Paris were categorize into three distinct groups: 1) permanent historical heritage and cultural or natural places, 2) temporary historical heritage and cultural or natural places, and 3) constant emergence of new art instances in the city resulting from revisiting the role of culture and substituting marginal artists and producing real cultural scenes in different urban places. These three groups were assessed using cultural tourists’ experiences to shed light upon the effect of factors constructing cultural tourism placesas well as factors constructing experiences of cultural tourists. Based on the analyses, the results indicated that cultural tourists search for authentic experiences which come along with the presence of city’s everyday life; such pluralist experiences which are creative in their today’s origin that resulted from active participation of cultural tourists in urban places. Such places are defined as connected factors of urban cultural places separately or collectively. These places include historical, natural and contemporary cultural public realms, local public realms, unconventional urban public realms, and recreational business public realms. These joined temporary or permanent open, semi-open and sometimes-close symbolic physical characteristics along with symbolic cultural social actions; interactions with the presence of cultural tourists and formation of cultural meanings based on their understanding from the spirit of the atmosphere produce a symbolic framework. Surely, places containing cultural meanings, such as artistic, historical, national, mythical, scientific, literary, ethnical, social and recreational, present cultural tourists with authentic and pluralist experiences that derived from understandings the life style and cultural meanings of the hosting society in different ways and can play effective role in attracting cultural tourists. It’s worth mentioning that applying such places as a temporary or permanent localities in holding festival activities and events or presenting and introducing them in informal events to separate production and nonproduction for them in city’s everyday life experience, can lead to creation of different meanings and interpretations of such places that rooted in the identity of these places. Creation of such individual readings and having as many understandings as those who experienced the atmosphere in these cultural places can be more influential in forming a creative meanings in attracting cultural tourists. Other influential factors can be socio-economic factors that can be subject of future investigations.

security is one of the basic and fundamental human rights needs. security is one the most important factors affecting on the citizens' attendance in urban areas and in consequence prosperity and dynamism of this environment. One of the most important criteria by which cities and urban environments are evaluated is the existent security of the city's public realms. Regarding the fact that environmental traits play an important role in providing the security or un secured of the city. Criteria codification of efficient and suitable environmental traits can assist in declining the crime rate in public realms. This research, with the purpose of identifying the components and effective physical-functional indicators of security and clarification of security levels, studies these factors in public realms of the Dohezar Khur district in BandarAbbas. The present research stands in the operational research category and the research method is descriptive-analytic. The data gathering of the present research was done after the theoretical framework codification using the questionnaire technique field research. In this regard, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical test was used to diagnose the normality of the research data distribution and linear regression tests, analyzing the direction and pearsonian correlation to analyze the variables' relation. The epitome of the research outcome indicates that a direct and meaningful relationship exists between the physical-functional (movement and access network, environmental comfort, space scale, and form) and urban security; and from the above factors, movement and access network with the index of (0.280) in the most influential in increasing the security.

The death of the English National Health Service (NHS) may be slow in coming but that does not mean that it is not the Conservative-led UK government’s desired end state. The government is displaying tactical cunning in achieving its long-term purpose to remould the British state. Powell seeks greater clarity amidst the confusion but the lack of clarity is a principal weapon in the government’s assault on the public realm, including the NHS. Moreover, there is ample supporting evidence to caution against Powell’s tendency to complacency concerning the ultimate fate of the NHS.