This paper deals with the study on the antibacterial activity of TiO2-doped Ag prepared from radiophotography wastewater. The antibacterial agent was prepared by reduction of Ag(I) in the radiophotography wastewater over TiO2 photocatalyst under UV light irradiation and characterized by EDS, XRD, SRUV, and TEM machines. The antibacterial activity in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus was examined by counting the number of viable bacterial colonies using the TPC method. The result shows that Ag doping on TiO2 as TiO2-Ag can shift its absorption into the visible region. TiO2-Ag assigns better antibacterial activity compared to TiO2 under visible light irradiation. The efficiency of the antibacterial activity is found to be influenced by Ag loaded in the TiO2, irradiation time, and the antibacterial agent dose. The highest antibacterial activity is achieved by 100 mg/L of TiO2-Ag (2) under 3 h irradiation by visible light.

Researches have been shown if water and wastewater treatment systems properly managed, it provides a major part of water reservoirs for the needs of developing countries. Because of the uncontrolled increase in concentrations of fine particle materials, organic and inorganic compounds and especially heavy metals in water, the conventional methods of treatment is not able to remove contaminants and it require a relatively new process. Recently, removal processes of industrial and agricultural wastewater pollutants have improved by development of new technologies such as nanotechnology. This study reviews the application of nanotechnology innovations for removing pollutants from waste water which published in this area from 2000-2013. We have searched through internet by following keywords; Application of nanotechnology, nanothechnology and wastewater treatment, and nanofiltration. Extensive studies have been evaluated to obtain low-cost and environmentally friendly adsorbents. Most of researchers used nanomaterials due to the high specific area and unique chemical properties for removing contaminates from aqueous media directly or after modification and functionalization. They used nano-filtration, nano-photocatalysts, zero-valent iron nano-particles and magnetic nanoparticles to control and remove pollutants from water and wastewaters. According to the capabilities and high capacity of nano-sized practices, they introduced them as a superior technology. Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles, due to easy separation with a magnet, have been considered for removing pollutants as an effective and efficient process. Based on these considerations, nanotechnology can efficiently affect the cost and time of treatment process and is suggested instead of conventional process for treatment of water and waste waters.

The objective of this research work was to obtain a microorganism capable of decolorizing treated distillery wastewater (TDW). 21 isolated and procured microorganisms were screened for their percentage decolorization. The screening strategy was performed using three different culture media in two main steps. The primary screening was carried out in two stages. In the first stage 10 microorganisms had a lower than 25% decolorization of TDW (with 25% TDW concentration). In the second stage 8 microorganisms had more than a 48% decolorization of TDW. In the secondary screening all 3 different culture media, the effect of TDW concentration, pH and nitrogen source were studied. A fungus identified by morphology examination to be Aspergillus fumigatus U­B2­­, isolated from soil samples taken from the vicinity of the Bidestan Distillery and Food Products, Qazvin, Iran had maximum decolorization of 81%.

In order to assess the effects of wastewater of Iran Mayeh company on some morphological characteristics and yield of wheat, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) was conducted in three replications during 2012-13. The first factor comprised of irrigation times in 3 levels (I1= once irrigation with concentrations of wastewater, I2= twice irrigation with given concentrations of wastewater, I3= irrigation in whole of plant growth period with given concentrations of wastewater) and the second factor comprised of wastewater concentration in 6 levels included P0= irrigation with well water (control), P15=15% wastewaters % well water, P30= 30% wastewaters % well water, P45= 45% wastewaters % well water, P60= 60% wastewaters % well water, P100= 100% wastewater. The results showed that the irrigation in whole of plant growth period (three times) with given concentrations of wastewater compared to once and twice irrigation with wastewater increased biological yield by 28% and 14.6%, respectively. Therefore, based on the results of farm data, using wastewater of leaven plant (Iran Mayeh Co.) for once, twice and three times irrigation with given concentrations often had an additive effect on some morphological characters include plants height, peduncle length, ear length, and finally biological yield. However, it seems that further studies will be necessary for more than 3 times irrigation and its effects on soil properties.

In general, the conversion of unstable organic materials in wastewater into stable minerals is one of the stages of wastewater treatment in a treatment plant. In other words, urban wastewater treatment plants try to purify municipal wastewater by converting organic materials into stable materials that have the ability to separate from wastewater. One of the most important organic compounds in municipal wastewater are nitrogenous materials and phosphorous materials that in municipal wastewater treatment plants.  By nitrogen removal and phosphor removal in wastewater, provide the possibility of municipal wastewater treatment. Although, the nitrogenous mineral compounds (nitrites and nitrates) and phosphorous mineral compounds are not the cause of contamination of treated wastewater due to their stability, due to their high nutritional properties, their entry into natural water sources greatly increases the growth and reproduction of aquatic organisms such as algae. In fact, phosphorus and nitrogen, because they are minerals, methods of separating nutrients from municipal wastewater in municipal wastewater treatment plants should be studied.

Limited water resources makes it inevitable to use unconventional resources including wastewater. Attention to soil characteristics especially in arid and semiarid areas is important when using wastewater for irrigation of crops, because of the ions in solution. Wastewater treatment, consideration of personal hygiene when using wastewater, removal of heavy metals from wastewater, selection of suitable plants, application of appropriate management methods, taking into account the characteristics of wastewater used and the type of soil in which the wastewater is used for irrigation are important issues in the sustainable use of wastewater. Use of raw wastewater may have many adverse effects on soil because of high organic and inorganic compounds and can cause soil degradation, the accumulation of heavy metals, salt and sodium in the soil. Other effects include reduction in the soil hydraulic conductivity, addition of resistant materials to the environment, change in the soil’s pH, reduction of soil permeability etc. In the present study we attempted to evaluate impacts of using raw wastewater on soil parameters and the consequences of this stress and to provide guidelines for solution of the existing problems.

Hospitals generate relatively large quantities of wastewater that may contain various potentially hazardous ma terials; therefore the proper management of hospital wastewater is essential. In this cross-sectional study, the quality and quantity of wastewater in the hospitals of Tehran University of Medi cal Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran, were studied and the suitable method for wastewater management in the hospitals was determined. Monitoring of pH, TSS, BOD5, COD and total coliforms indicated that the quality of wastewater in the hospitals was similar to domestic wastewater. The wastewater production in the hospitals was determined to be in the range of 398 to 1090 L/d/(occupied bed). The study on wastewater treatment and disposal methods demonstrated that discharge to munici pal wastewater collection system is the best alternative for wastewater management in the hospitals, but this approach is not ap plicable for all of the hospitals. Baharloo, Cancer Institute, Children, Farabi, Imam Khomeini, Razi, Roozbeh, Shariati and Valiasr hospitals can be connected to municipal wastewater collection system at present. It is recommended that these hospitals’ wastewater be discharged to municipal wastewater collection system. Amir Alam, Bahrami, Mirza Koochak Khan and Sina hospitals will be able to discharge their wastewater into sewerage net work at second phase of Tehran sewerage project (in 2010) and Arash Hospital will be able to discharge its wastewater into sew erage network at third phase of Tehran sewerage project (in 2015). These hospitals have to select onsite separate waste water treatment alternative.

Ammonia is one of the most common pollutants in urban and industrial wastewaters and due to various problems it generates, it is necessary to remove it from wastewaters. In this study, a laboratory scale once-pass membrane contactor system was designed and constructed using PPO hollow fiber membranes and the effect of various operating parameters such as the feed passage side (the lumen-side or the shell-side), feed flow rate and temperature on the efficiency of the process for synthetic wastewater was investigated. Since the petrochemical units are of the main sources of wastewaters containing ammonia at high concentrations, in the second part of this study, the efficiency of the process to remove ammonia from Khorasan Petrochemical wastewater was also investigated. Experimental results showed that low feed flow rate, high feed temperature and feed passage through the lumen side increased the ammonia removal percentage. Also, the ammonia removal percentage variations with the feed velocity and temperature were the same as that of synthetic wastewater. By comparing the ammonia removal percentages of synthetic and real wastewaters, it was obtained that ammonia removal percentages for real petrochemical wastewater at 20 and 40 ºC, were respectively about 25 and 19% lower than that of synthetic wastewater.

In order to investigate the effect domestic wastewater of Torbat-Heydarieh on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L), a field experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with irrigation water treatments and 3 replications. The treatments were consists of well water (control treatment) T1, treated wastewater T2, 50% wastewater and 50% well water composition T3, alternate irrigation of well water and treated wastewater T4, and 66% wastewater and 33% well water composition T5. The results showed that, the effect of irrigation water treatments was significant on total yield in the first and second year at the P Keywords: Cotton yield, Wastewater, Water Use Efficiency, Varamin Variety

Purpose In recent years, attempts have been made to compensate irrigation water shortage through widespread wastewater application as a low-quality water resource for agriculture. The existing wastewater treatment plants do not have sufficient capacity to treat such a huge volume of wastewater. In arid and semiarid region, soil type as well as climate is different from the others, so the aim of this paper is the review of literature on the effects of wastewater reuse in agriculture. Methods An extensive literature review was conducted to evaluate urban wastewater effects on soil, plant and environment. Results One of the best methods for wastewater disposal is wastewater discharge into the soil. However, as it was revealed in this research, in most cases, this method would lead to increased salinity, SAR, organic matter content, permeability, and electric conductivity as well as reduced soil bulk density. Nevertheless, wastewater effect on soil physical properties depends on its characteristics and also its application period. For instance, in durations less than one year, wastewater has often no significant effect on some soil properties such as bulk density. The best wastewater usage approach is utilizing drip irrigation method, which can overcome the shortcomings resulted from its application. In most studies carried out in this field, wastewater irrigation has led to increased accumulation of heavy elements and nutrients in the soil and even sometimes in under-cultivation plants. It is noteworthy that these elements' accumulation in the fruit section is less than their accumulation in the vegetable part of the plants. Conclusion The use of wastewater without accurate management can extremely cause adverse environmental outcomes, including soil salinization, soil degradation, reduced soil hydraulic conductivity, soil hydrophobicity, poisoning, reduced yield of the crops, and surface/groundwater resources' contamination, and eventually the prevalence of diseases. Consequently, in order to reuse wastewater for agriculture, microbial contamination' reduction should be seriously considered in accordance with the standards determined by the Environmental Protection Agency or the World Health Organization guidelines. It is highly emphasized that after reaching the required standards, the wastewater can be used for irrigation. In conclusion, Pharmaceuticals presence in the wastewater are a growing global concern.