Wetlands are known as valuable ecosystems that have programmable functional values ​​(economic, social, ecological) due to their diverse functions. Wetland conservation is a priority for most governments and communities. Wetland extinction is associated with the extinction of the functions and services of these ecosystems. Among the valuable services and functions of wetlands can be water storage and flood prevention, nutrient stabilization, plant and aquatic harvesting, biodiversity conservation and nature development, primary production, waste decomposition, food networks, element and gas rotation (phosphorus, nitrogen rotation). , Sulfur) pointed out. . Considering the importance of wetlands in the protection of biodiversity and emphasizing the approach and the role they play in meeting the needs of human societies, also for the wise use of these ecosystems, the Convention on the Conservation of Wetlands of February 2, 1971 ( 13 February 1349) was formed in the city of Ramsar. The purpose of the Ramsar Convention is to ensure the protection and reasonable use of wetlands through local, regional, national and international cooperation to achieve sustainable development around the world. Currently, 171 countries, covering 2,409 wetland sites, with a total area of ​​more than 254 million hectares, are participating in the protection of these bodies of water under the Ramsar Convention. Iran has registered 25 sites in total with an area of ​​about 1.5 million hectares in the list of Ramsar Convention. However, the areas registered in the Ramsar Convention from the collection of wetlands and lakes of the country, do not include only the water body and include service areas around the natural wetland and even a collection of natural and man-made wetlands (such as the site of Fereydoun) A title is listed in Ramsar. Therefore, Iran's registration sites in the Ramsar list include 41 different lakes and wetlands. The Ramsar Convention for the Selection of Wetlands Eligible for Entry into International Aquatic Formations has established standards since 1980, which it revised in 1996. The recent criteria consist of 9 criteria in two separate groups. According to the first group of criteria of the convention, the wetland must be "rare or unique sample specimens". Following the introduction of eligibility criteria for the Ramsar Convention, the same criteria will be used for the optimal management of wetland host countries. Accordingly, a list is published in the Ramsar Convention called the Montreux List, which refers to wetlands that have deviated from the Ramsar Convention criteria and are temporarily removed from the Ramsar Wetlands List. The Montreux Index is a list of international wetlands where changes in the environmental characteristics of wetlands have occurred or are occurring, which may be the product of technological developments, pollution or other human interventions. Host countries have the opportunity to improve management and improve conditions. Improve and return the wetland to the Ramsar list. Currently, 47 wetlands from 26 countries are on the Montreux list, with the most Montreux sites belonging to Greece with 7 sites, followed by Iran with 6 sites. Currently, one of the challenges facing the country in the field of wetland management is the existence of 6 Ramsar sites in the Montreux list, and many efforts are being made by the Wetlands Office in the Environmental Protection Agency to remove these wetlands from the Montreux list. However, achieving a coherent and programmable methodology can accelerate this process and be based on scientific principles. Shadegan International Site is one of the wetlands registered in the Ramsar Convention, which together with Khoralamieh and Khor Musa with an area of ​​400,000 hectares in 1975 (04/02/1354 solar) four years after the conclusion of the Ramsar Convention with reference number 2100 Ramsar was registered. After developing the criteria of Ramsar Convention, this wetland was identified as complying with criteria 1 to 6 of the Convention. Unfortunately, in the last two decades, the development of human activities in the field of industry and agriculture has disrupted the natural conditions of this wetland and has caused a decrease in the quality of environmental conditions and loss of the wetland's eligibility in some criteria of the convention. . One of the criteria of the Ramsar Convention for considering an international wetland as its index is its rarity and uniqueness. Shadegan wetland, which is in accordance with the first criterion of Ramsar Convention, has turned it into an index wetland with unique features. The purpose of this study is to use linear programming in optimizing Shadegan wetland in fulfilling the first criterion of Ramsar Convention, in order to evaluate the status of this criterion in Shadegan site in order to help it be removed from the Montreux list. In this research, the linear programming model with the

1- Determining the values ​​of target variables in the three zones of sweet, salty and lush of the wetland 2- Determining the optimal total value of the wetland of the wetland within the criteria of Ramsar Convention 1, will be examined. This research seems to be the first use of linear programming to analyze the status of Ramsar Convention criteria, and no other similar approach is observed both at home and abroad. The minimum acceptable area with respect to the highest area of ​​the wetland water body was defined as the objective function of this criterion. The variables and constraints of this objective function were identified based on the three zones mentioned and the coefficient of each variable was calculated according to the habitat dependence of birds. The results of the research using Lingo software show the minimum frame area

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) appears in milk as a direct result of the ingestion of feed contaminated with aflatoxin B1 by cattle. This study was conducted to investigate the contamination rate of raw milk whit aflatoxin M1 in Chaloos and Ramsar raw milk collection centers. Two hundred bulk raw milk samples were collected during winter (January and February) and summer (June and July) seasons. The milk samples were analyzed by ELISA method for the presence of AFM1. During the winter, AFM1 was detected in 100% and 59/79% of the bulk raw milk samples in Ramsar and Chaloos, respectively; however, during summer 83/52% and 50/1 of the samples was found as positive in Ramsar and Chaloos, respectively. Furthermore, 45% of Ramsar and 30% of Chaloos bulk milk samples showed higher contamination level of AFM1 than maximum tolerance limit (50 ng/l) accepted by National Standard as well as European Union. Although, the difference between the contamination rate in samples obtained during summer and winter seasons was not statistically significantly, (p<0/05) significant difference (p<0/05) was observed between Chaloos and Ramsar samples in each season. Moreover, highest contamination rate was found in February.

According to the report published by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) in 2000, Ramsar city in northern Iran, has some inhabited areas with the highest known natural background radiation levels in the world (1). The annual radiation absorbed dose in high background radiation areas (HBRAs) of Ramsar is extraordinary high, reaching 260 mSv that is 13 times higher than the current annual dose limit of 20 mSv suggested by the ICRP for radiation workers. On the other hand, indoor radon concentration in some regions of HBRAs of Ramsar is up to 31 kBq m-3(2), a concentration that is much higher than the action level recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (148 Bq m-3 or 4 pCi/L). Considering high levels of public exposures to ionizing radiation in the residents of HBRAs of Ramsar, some experts have recently suggested the need for an effective remedial action program (2). The residents of HBRAs of Ramsar and their ancestors have been exposed to extraordinary levels of natural radiation over many generations. Therefore, if a radiation dose reaching 260 mSv y-1 is detrimental to health causing genetic abnormalities or an increased risk of cancer, it should be evident in these people. The first report on the induction of biopositive biological responses (i.e. adaptive response) in the residents of HBRAs dates back to 2002 (3). Mortazavi et al. have previously shown that the highest lung cancer mortality rate in HBRAs of Ramsar was in a district with normal levels of radon while the lowest lung cancer mortality rate was in another district with the highest concentrations of radon in the dwellings (4). However, it should be noted that due to the statistical limitations of the cancer studies in HBRAs of Ramsar, only a long-term study can provide considerable number of person-years of observation (the population who live in the HBRAs of Ramsar is estimated to be about 2000 individuals)

Considering current controversies regarding the health effects of low doses of ionizing radiation, study of the high background radiation areas such as Ramsar, Iran can help scientists better evaluate the validity of linear no-threshold (LNT) hypothesis. Ramsar is a coastal city in northern Iran with some areas known to have the highest levels of natural background radiation in the world. The mean annual dose of the residents of high background radiation areas (HBRAs) of Ramsar is 10 times higher than the public dose limit recommended by the ICRP (1 mSv/year) and a proportion of the residents receive annual doses as large as 260 mSv (13 times higher than the occupational dose limit recommended by the ICRP). A report published in Popular Science proclaims that background radiation in Ramsar approaches that of the Martian surface. However, estimates show that the maximum annual radiation dose in HBRAs of Ramsar can be much higher than that of the Martian surface (260 mGy/y vs 76 mGy/y). Furthermore, a Guardian report introduces Talesh Mahalleh, a district in Ramsar, as an inhabited area with the highest levels of natural radioactivity in the world and C Net claims that the best Mars colonists may come from places like Iran and Brazil. In spite of current concerns, nearly all residents still live in their paternal dwellings and there are not consistent reports on any detrimental effects. It is worth noting that, due to small sample size, to draw a firm conclusion about the health effects of high level natural radiation in Ramsar, in particular about the cancer risk, current information is not sufficient and further studies are needed.

Wetlands are the most productive aquatic ecosystems which play an important role from ecological, biodiversity and socio-economic viewpoints. The importance of wetlands for human beings was recognized since long ago so that the role of these habitats is undeniable for survival and development of ancient cultures. Nevertheless, wetlands are the most threatened habitats which this is resulted from drying and land use changes, pollution and excessive harvest from wetland species. Therefore, the importance of wetlands for protecting and sustainable use of this ecosystem requires particular arrangements in order to protect it in the best manner. Ramsar International Convention in 1971 was a measure in this direction. Islamic Republic of Iran joined Ramsar Convention in 1975 and until 2008 registered 22 international wetlands as Ramsar Sites as vast as 1481147ha. Since article 9 of civil code asserts that “agreed regulations between Iran and other countries are regarded as laws “The convention is binding and Iran as a contracting party is bound to enforce its guidelines. The present article deals with enforcement of Ramsar Convention in Iran.

The effect of chronic exposure on Ramsar HBNRAs inhabitants' health was studied using Cytokinesis Blocked Micronucleus (CBMN) Assay. The results showed a significant difference (P <0.001) in the mean frequency of micronucleus of the study group, or resident in Ramsar HBNRAs, and the control group, which were selected from Tonekabon, a city near Ramsar. Significant differences (P <0.001) were observed between the mean micronucleus frequency after irradiation of blood samples, which means that after irradiation of blood samples, the control group showed a higher increase in micronuclei frequency than the study group that can be as a result of the existence of a radio adaptive response in Ramsar HBNRAs. The correlation was observed between the frequency of micronucleus and age in control groups but was not obtained for the study group.

Backgroud/ Ramsar in northern Iran is among the world’s well-known areas with highest levels of natural radiation. Annual exposure levels in areas with elevated levels of natural radiation in Ramsar are up to 260 mGy y-1 and average exposure rates are about 10 mGy y-1 for a population of about 2000 residents. Due to the local geological features, which includes high levels of radium in rocks, soils, and groundwater, Ramsar residents are also exposed to high levels of alpha activity in the form of ingested radium and radium decay progeny as well as very high radon levels (over 1000 MBq m-3) in their dwellings. In some cases, the inhabitants of these areas receive doses much higher than the current ICRP-60 dose limit of 20 mSv y-1 set for radiation workers. The extraordinary levels of natural radiation in Ramsar prompted us to assess the radiation susceptibility of the residents. Venous blood samples were taken from 7 healthy blood donors of both sexes who lived in some areas of Ramsar with highest levels of natural radiation (dose rates were up to 155 µSv h-1) and 5 healthy persons from a nearby control area. Standard condition for cell cultivation, irradiation and analysis of chromosome aberrations was used. The cells were exposed to the challenge dose of 1.5 Gy of Co-60 gamma ray 48 hours after PHA stimulation. Using mean chromosomal aberration per cell (MCAPC), the expected numbers of aberrations were calculated. Lymphocytes of Ramsar residents when subjected to 1.5 Gy of Gamma rays, showed fewer chromosome aberrations compared to residents in a nearby control area. These findings clearly show that high levels of natural radiation may induce radioadaptive response. Interestingly, this radioadaptation phenomenon was found in individuals who received doses as much as a few hundred times more than the inhabitants of a nearby control area. More research is needed to precisely clarify if it is possible to relax the radiation protection guidelines for inhabitants who live in such areas.

Draught is an event which occurs in all types of climatic conditions. This phenomenon can cause severe damages to thesusceptible areas. Since the drought due to its special features will change the agriculture of the Caspian sea, this phenomenon has been studied in the coastal areas of Caspian sea. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the drought during the base period of 1961-2010 and the future period of 2011-2030 byusing the Standardized Precipitation Index (Z-Value) on five stations of southern coastal of Caspian sea. Daily rainfall data from five stations was obtained to calculate the monthly precipitation and the data from HADCM3 model under B1 and A2 scenario. For downscaling the HADCM3 data, two models of LARS-WG and SDSM were used. Downscaled results Showed that LARS-WG model is better than SDSM for downscaling the precipitation data with less error. LARS _WG Model simulation results has estimated that precipitation will increase for February, November and December and it will decrease for the months of August and September, on each of five stations .We Used GIS to mapping the severity of the drought. 3-month SPI- results showed the greatest frequency and severity of droughts during the observation period on Anzali and Rasht stations. During the future, Rasht and Ramsar stations will have the highest intensity of droughts. 6- Months SPI determine the higher frequency on Babolsar, Gorgan, Ramsar Station and severity on Anzali, Rasht and Ramsar have experienced the highest drought. Ramsar, Rasht and Gorgan stations will have higher drought degrees in future. 12 -months SPI results showed the highest intensity was for the Ramsar and anzali, Ramsar, Rasht Anzali, Babolsar will reveale for future. Results indicated periods of normal SPI is more frequently than in any other period of five stations.

Citrus dieback and postbloom fruit drop caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides are common diseases of citrus trees in North of Iran. According to increasing of disease damage in recent years, which can be due to the genetical alteration of pathogen, genetic structure of the fungus population in North of Iran was studied. So, four citrus orchards in Rahim Abad (Guilan), Ramsar, Sari and Gorgan were surveyed and. symptomatic tissues were sampled. After identification of fungal Isolates, DNA fingerprinting for144 Isolates were done by seven ISSR markers and PCR method. Acording to cluster analyses by UPGMA method and Jacard coeficient, thirteen groups were found. The mean of gene and genotype diversities across all populations were 0.33 and 0.49 respectively. There were low genetic differentiation (0.127) among populations and high gene flow (3.437) proved the low genetic differentiation. Maximum genetic identity observed between Guilan and Gorgan and the minimum observed between Ramsar and Sari populations. Distance between Rahim Abad and Ramsar is less than between Ramsar and Sari. So, genetic distance between Guilan and Ramsar and between Ramsar and Sari populations correlated to their geographical distance, but it was irregular for Guilan and Gorgan isolates. According to this study C. gloeosporioides populations derived from citrus orchards in North of Iran have genetic diversity and low genetic differentiation and Genetic distance among populations confirm the high gene flow among them.

Today, Travel planning process by tourists of a destination take some form of social media.this study was performed with purpose of Examine the role of social media in Travel planning process by tourists of ramsar destination.
The population consisted of Iranian tourists that visited Ramsar destination. The number of samples calculated 384 people on the basis of Sample size calculation formula for unlimited population. To select sample was used simple random sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires. Data analysis was performed by using software package SPSS24 and SmartPLS2.
Findding: The findings suggest that all hypotheses were confirmed; that is from perspective of tourists, Social media have a significant and positive impact on the planning Travel planning process to Ramsar destination, namely pre-trip planning, actions of during the trip and and behaviors of after trip to the Ramsar.
Authenticity: in this study, we tried to examine the role of social media in Travel planning process by tourists of ramsar destination through Structural equation modeling (SEM) approach based on partial least squares (PLS); While in internal previous studies has not been addressed to this area.
Scocial Media (In three dimensions, domain and accessibility, continuity and reliability, and interactive and unlimited) play very important role in Travel planning process to Ramsar destination. Other results are presented in the form of conclusions and suggestions.