the lack of information and previous experiences of reconstructed areas is one of the most important deficiencies in reconstruction studies in Iran. It is obvious that acquiring experiences from previous reconstructions projects successes and failures can empower governors and executors to plan accurately, increase their readiness and prevent similar mistakes. The main objective of the present paper is to recognize reconstruction major issues after disasters, and then, register and classify unique specifications of reconstruction and the effect of the policies relevant to each recognized issue by studying reconstruction process of destroyed villages in Varzeghan earthquake in 2012.
the present study is based on descriptive and field research methodology which analysis the factors affecting reconstruction using “Grounded Theory”; in order to determine how these factors influence the reconstruction of Varzeghan some questions were asked through investigating previous studies and then, according to these questions, the available deeds and documents such as Housing Foundation Reports, registered events and published papers have been studied and also, exploratory interviews have been conducted with reconstruction specialists and experts engaged in Varzeghan earthquake reconstruction and affected people.
Findings: The appropriate policies were adopted in the Varzeghan earthquake for fast reconstruction and its termination before winter such as using steel structures, purchasing materials in bulk through the budget of executor organization before governmental credit deposit and tranferring it to the damaged regions, dividing affected zone into 11 districts, delegating responsibility for the reconstruction of each part to the given headquarters, delegating the right to decide to certain staff in terms of chosing the type of construct and using gable roof structures. However, due to hasty construction, safe-construction knowledge was not transferred and the buildings constructed after completion of reconstruction are usually vulnerable.
The results of this study indicate that utilizing an enforcer of reconstruction and the adoption of appropriate policies by him, it is possible to complete reconstruction in the least time with the participation of the people and cause construction of resistant buildings. In general, the level of readiness of government and society and predicting post-disaster challenges before it happens, can lead the planners to make right decisions at reconstruction time.

Disasters are different in terms of type, time and scope but they often create similar problems which indicates the importance of their scientific analysis and documentation for informing future reconstruction planning. One of the weaknesses of disaster studies in Iran is a lack of documentation of past reconstruction experiences. Many of these reconstruction projects are still alive, developed by their residents throughout several decades. However relevant documentation describing the processes of reconstruction and factors affecting the durability of their outcomes have rarely done, reviewed and criticized.
The city of Lar in Fars province was devastated by an earthquake in 1339. The rescue and rehabilitation phases terminated within fifteen days. This phased followed by a reconstruction program, which involved the relocation of the city to a safer area. Now after passing more than five decades this city consists of two active areas: the new town - relocated city - and the old town.
This article firstly seeks to document and analyze the Lar reconstruction after more than five decades; secondly, tries to provide unique features of this process and reasons for the durability of the outcome; and ultimately, tries to offer the lessons of this reconstruction to inform future plans.
In order to achieve these goals, we conducted document review and fieldwork. Firstly, we analyzed existing documents, such as reports related to the earthquake and descriptions of the reconstruction processes in related books, national archives papers; reviewed newspapers published for a period of three years from the time of the accident until the end of reconstruction; conducted in-depth interviews with those involved in the reconstruction and the survivors who were present at the time of the earthquake; and documented the reconstruction process. Secondly, we evaluated this reconstruction based on sustainable reconstruction measures, defined through a review of literature and reconstruction experiences in Iran and the world. Finally, lessons learnt from this reconstruction were extracted.
The findings of this study show that in this reconstruction, from the beginning the relocated city was planned to include residential areas, infrastructure, facilities and public buildings, and the budget for this relocation plan was allocated from the beginning. Following the city's geological studies, a safe place away from the faults was selected for the construction and earthquake-proof structures were used in building houses and public buildings of the city. Authorities began the reconstruction of the city with commitment and hard work. A commission composed of local dignitaries and clergymen oversaw all aspects of the reconstruction process, such as budgeting. Challenges that the program faced, including land ownership claims and religious issues were settled locally in the shortest time possible, avoiding interruption in the process. Facilitating commuting between the old and new city led to the economic rehabilitation of this market town and reinforced the sense of belonging of the people to the new city. The built houses were allocated to people for free or were sold to them. A committee of local dignitaries and reconstruction authorities decided about the allocation of houses by investigating the social and economical situations of residents.

IntroductionToday, improving and increasing the inhabitant environment quality is the main purpose of the civil planner policies. In this study, the improper location of the physical elements and the urban land uses, the inefficient street network, the compact urban fabric, the high urban density, the improper condition of infrastructures, and the lack of civil open spaces and some other items are such matters which have the main role in increasing the vulnerability of cities to earthquake. In this study, in December 26, 2003, Bam was shaking with the intensity of 6.3 Richter during which 30000 people were killed while 30000 people were injured. Most of the city sections were destroyed completely and other parts also were destroyed up to 30 to 70 percent. The reconstruction quality of Bam is discussed according to the harsh earthquake in 2003 in Bam and the construction of a new city afterwards, so, we should have the deep look to the reconstruction after the earthquake as an opportunity for removing development obstacles. In this relation, the evaluation of reconstruction quality of Bam city is very important. So, the research is trying to analyze the differences of the reconstruction quality of Bam neighborhoods after 2003 earthquake with emphasis on household’s socio-economic status.
Theoretical FrameworkDisasters themselves are devastating, but they do provide the opportunity for governments and communities to implement strategies and frameworks that not only recover and reconstruct but also mitigate against the consequences of further disasters. There are a number of different post-disaster reconstruction approaches adopted by the governments after the disasters. The different approaches primarily relate to the amount of control a household possesses over the reconstruction of their homes. The different approaches principally fall into two different reconstruction philosophies the owner-driven reconstruction and donor-driven reconstruction.
The selection of a specific Post-disaster reconstruction approach should be decided on the basis of the results of a damage and the loss assessment conducted after the disaster along with the consultation with the affected communities and the leading disaster agency. However, the main purpose of the reconstruction is sustainable and equal development, the emphasis on low income and weak households and groups, and the minimum differences of reconstruction quality. So, the selection of the suitable planning and management model and continued evaluation of the reconstruction quality and process is necessary to achievement this purposes.
MethodologyIn this study, the research method is analytical-descriptive. The operational definition of reconstruction quality offered in 7 indices and 9 sub-indices, by AHP and SAW methods. The required data are gathered by households, experts, and field questionnaires. The sample is 319 households calculatedTo test the hypothes causal-comparative method is used. The collecteddata are analyzed by One-Way ANOVAs and Tukey test.
Results & DiscussionThe results of One-Way ANOVAs showed that there is a significant difference between Bam neighborhoods in the quality of reconstruction. Also, there is a significant difference in 5 dimensions of quality of reconstruction between neighborhoods. The results also showed that the physical quality of reconstruction is different between various neighborhoods and is not suitable. The considerable point in this research is the meaningful differences of services accessibility in Bam after the reconstruction. The results show lack of attention to the proper accessibility to all families and neighborhoods. This reveals the regeneration of unequal condition that has been before the earthquake.
Results showed that the degree of prospect quality and services is 63, 58, and 53 for high, middle, and low neighborhoods according to the defined scales of 1 to 100, the degrees lower 40 show the low quality, and the degrees between 40 and 60 show the medium quality. Also, the, result showed that the degree of composed index of reconstruction quality is 56/38, 48/54, and 40/99 for the high, middle, and low neighborhoods. Also, in relation to the general I ndex of quality of reconstruction, the results showed that neighborhoods have significant differences at 99% confidence level. So, the quality of reconstruction of bam city is medium and its degree differs between different neighborhoods.
Conclusions & SuggestionsThe result of research shows that the opportunity of reconstruction is not used properly. According to the findings, reconstruction quality at the society scale has socio-economic aspects. So, we must pay attention to this point seriously. Finally, the results are in agreement with this scientific rule that access to reconstruction opportunities is not equal and depends on the socio-economic status of households and the status of other factors of greater and macro scales, such as: government policies, pattern and ability of planning system, government worldview and definition of equity, and the amount of success to implement the equity and sustainable policies.

The nasolabial flap (NLF) has many advantages in oromaxillary reconstruction, but the majority of cases are reconstructions after pathologic resections. Its usage in trauma surgery, especially in the management of gunshot wounds, is rarely mentioned.. Three cases involving gunshot injuries to the face are presented: one for reconstruction of the nasal ala, another for bone graft coverage in mandibular reconstruction, and the third for the repair of premaxillary hard and soft tissue avulsive defects.. The NLF is a thin, pliable flap and is useful for intraoral and facial reconstruction of trauma patients with small to moderate soft tissue loss..

The different approaches towards reconstruction after the earthquake affected areas of interest to planners and an architect in the reconstruction process is affected houses. In the meantime, choose the optimum approach or approaches, requires consideration of a number of indicators such as cultural background, family and community to improve safety conditions, the cost of reconstruction, restoration and improvement of living conditions, political situation, implementation mechanisms, and how to raise capacity the society is damaged. The main factors that interfere in the decision-making process have a special role in the reconstruction process. Including the role of the central government agency responsible for reconstruction, reconstruction of participating agencies, local government, and the affected community and above all the participation of victims in natural disasters are in line with the design or manufacture of the affected areas. In this article, using meta-analysis to review and summarize studies and experiences in the field of participation of victims in the process of reconstruction after the earthquake deal; the data collection instrument consisted of library studies and documents have benefited. At the end, all the available research is summarized and analyzed. And their results are discussed in the form of tables.

Adult previously operated alveolar cleft palate presents a pronounced challenge for optimal surgical reconstruction. This optimal reconstruction dictates the restoration of soft tissues in addition to hard tissues to achieve prime functional results. Regional flaps usually used for the reconstruction of such defects were considered as either bulky or none bone bearing flaps. Furthermore, using free flaps for reconstruction can rise the concerns of increased intraoperative complications and greater suspected donor site morbidities. Here we present three unfavorably previously operated patients with current huge alveolar cleft palates, planned for the reconstruction with reverse facial-submental artery osteomyocutaneous flap. Besides, detailed flap harvesting technique, results, prosthetic restoration post to flap surgery, and follow up are presented in this article. We found the reverse facial- submental osteomyocutaneous flap as a novel and reliable choice for functional reconstruction of challenging huge alveolar cleft palates. The reverse facial-submental flap has not been yet mentioned in the medical literature for the reconstruction of alveolar clefts.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is a first choice treatment for ACL-deficient knees, and arthroscopic single-bundle reconstruction has been widely accepted around the world in this regard. Although, such single-bundle reconstructions result in sufficient knee stability in most cases, but some patients have not been satisfied with postsurgical results in both short-term and long term clinical studies. One of the reasons for these unsatisfactory results could be related to the fact that normal function of the native ACL has not been restored by the traditional ACL reconstruction which uses only a single-bundle graft. The natural ACL consists of a 3-dimensional structure with multibundle fascicles, which can be anatomically divided into 2 main bundles, the anteromedial (AM) and the posterolateral (PL) bundles named for the orientation of their tibial insertions. The purpose of the present study was to compare double-bundle and single-bundle ACL reconstruction. Twenty-two patients with anterior cruciate ligament tear who were candidates for ACL reconstruction were enrolled in the study undertaken in Shariati Hospital from 2009 to 2010. Fourteen patients underwent single-bundle and 8 patients double-bundle ACL reconstruction. The patients were evaluated by arthrometer and physical examination in postoperation follow up visit at least 9 months after the operations. Four out of 14 patients with single-bundle reconstruction had knee joint translation greater than 5 mm but nobody had knee translation more than 5 mm in the double-bundle reconstruction group. Double-bundle ACL reconstruction seems to be more stable than single-bundle ACL reconstruction.

Iran is one of the countries with a relatively high vulnerability to earthquakes and experiences several seismic events every year. Since recorded history, earthquakes have frequently struck the Iran plateau, taking a heavy toll.
The city of Baravat, a small town near Bam city, is located in the southeast of Kerman province in Iran. The major economic drivers of Baravat are farming and gardening as the city has large orchards of palm groves. According to the Statistical Centre of Iran, Bam had a population of 70,000 in 1996 and its population in the rural and urban areas reached 142,376 in January 2003. In the very early hours of 26th December 2003, a devastating and strong earthquake with a magnitude of 6.5 struck Bam, one of the historical cities of Kerman province in the south of Iran. According to the official reports, more than 30,000 were killed and about 25,000 injured. More than 80% of the town’s buildings were also destroyed. The 2003 bam earthquake is important in terms of notable physical damage, financial losses, high death toll, the characteristic features of the earthquake, the extent of damaged area, unique features of the region, the process of providing temporary housing and its reconstruction process.
The post-disaster reconstruction managers faced fundamental questions and challenges, due to a high number of human losses and related social issues, extensive damage to the historical town, and also a lack of experience in urban reconstruction. In the absence of any post-disaster urban reconstruction experience in Iran, except post-war reconstruction experience in cities, there were many questions about reconstruction management process of the damaged area. The performance of reconstruction management in housing provision was considerably different from previous reconstruction projects in Iran, because of factors, such as the performance of the governmental and international agencies, adoption of new managerial approaches and the application of appropriate reconstruction methods. As a result, it is important to evaluate the reconstruction management of Bam and Baravat areas through analyzing people’s satisfaction and to learn their perceptions about the strengths and weaknesses of this program.
This study investigates factors influential in people’s satisfaction level about the performance of reconstruction managers in Baravat. The level and performance of managers according to people’s satisfaction level is analyzed and the weaknesses and strengths of reconstruction management are explained. Finally, regarding the weaknesses and strengths of reconstruction in this case study, the paper provides a number of strategies for improving the reconstruction management processes in future disasters.

Earthquakes have always been known as the most devastating phenomena, affecting human life and properties all around the world. Furthermore, their frequency, severity and catastrophic impacts have increased in recent decades. Likewise, Iran is not an exception due to its seismic location. The huge casualties and losses following shocking quakes that have happened in this part of the world. Post disaster reconstruction and planning is considered as the most important processin responding to disaster and consequent damages requires authorities, planners and reconstruction policymakers to provide adequate knowledge about the damaged contextIt has been well approved that corresponding the problems of reconstruction with effective survivors’ participation, leads the whole process to success. It should be noted that, time as a key component in all reconstruction phases, plays a vital role. Often in the process, speeding up the physical reconstruction and the number of permanent houses being ebuiltpave a way forthe acceptance of a more linear - thinking instead of cyclic - thinking and spiral approaches in reconstruction planning and its design process methods. These approaches lead to choosing irrational solutions for the settlement’s reconstruction design problem in long - term and changing the disaster to complicated and multi - component crisis in damaged community life.The main issue that is discussed in this paper is the growing gap between users, designers and paying clients in reconstruction phases. This inconsistency and gap together with the lack of proper construction supervision could result in increasing physical vulnerability while blocking the way toward build back better’ goals in the affected areas and communities.The methodology is based on a qualitative approach including content analysis of field surveys and observations,In - depth interviews with survivors and authorities for every case study. The evidence were selected from post - earthquake reconstructed villages in three disaster milestones in Islamic Republic of Iran. First, the village called Gufel in north of Iran, in the category long-term results of reconstruction, after 1990 Gilan - Zanjan earthquake. Second, Baj –a-Baj substantially damaged after 2012 East Azerbaijan earthquake, as a medium-term process; and finally, Ghouchi - Bashchi  village that located in west of Iran reconstructed recently after 2017 Sar Pol –e- Zahab earthquake.The findings show that, in order to achieve an acceptable and successful reconstruction that satisfies survivors, participation of the affected community from planning to implementation and post occupancy period is proven to have a vital role. Nonetheless should be taken into accountthat eradicating the gap between users and designers in reconstruction policies in all phases is possible by promoting process - oriented approaches rather than product - oriented approaches in the design process of settlements, from emergency shelters to permanent housing. There is a triple level framework suggested for the participatory design process in post - earthquake permanent housing reconstruction. This framework consists of a design circle with the increased vulnerability, at the first level prior to the earthquake impact on the communities. The linear approach at the second level which seeks product is what is known as the official period of reconstruction with the presence of authorities; and finally, the spiral helix of design process after the end of official reconstruction procedure.

The house, has always been vulnerable against earthquakes. Also, post-earthquake reconstruction process requires sufficient knowledge of context in order to provide solutions of housing destruction problems. Interaction of the goals of reconstruction policy makers and survivors’ needs, provides wisdom of reconstruct. This critical change in situation, do not allows planners and designers to apply a normal design process that follows a conventional model in reconstructed houses. The lack of attention to imperceptible events that affect disaster managing process, creates product-oriented attitudes in reconstruction. This process sacrifices survivors on the pre-determined route of mass-construction and product-oriented point of view; resulted inconsistency. Thus, the intangible and aspects of the process of design homes may have been forgotten. This paper, compared two fields of design process and post-earthquake reconstruction in order to reach the goals of successful reconstruction design process. Also participation as a connection of the two fields plays an important role.The methodology is based on a qualitative approach, including field surveys and observations. The supportive case is the evidence from Gufel Village that have been selected among rural housing reconstructions after Manjil1990earthquake. The findings show that, there are several periods of time in design process of housing reconstruction, that make one step through successful reconstruction. In the transition of formal phase of reconstruction to post-occupation phase of living in reconstructed houses, trust, coordinated and organized stakeholders are effective for the successful post-earthquake house reconstruction.