Demographic indicators such as mortality rates play a very important role in health, financial and pension policies. Therefore, the accuracy of mathematical models in predicting death is an important challenge, and a more accurate prediction of life expectancy has an increasing impact on the policy-making of a large part of society. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to predict the mortality rate based on the family of stochastic mortality models and compare the results with each other.

One of the practical methods for predicting mortality is the Lee-Carter model. But this method, like other extrapolation methods, does not include information about the effects of medical, behavioral, or social advances on mortality rates. Among the generalizations of the Lee-Carter model are the Renshaw-Haberman and Currie models, which also apply age-specific cohort effects. In this study, a family of stochastic models is used to estimate model parameters, age-specific mortality rates and predict mortality rates. In this regard, human mortality database (HMD) data is used. But there is no information about our country in this database. Since the French mortality model is very close to the Iranian model and the life tables of this country (TD 88-90) are used in Iranian insurance applications, so the crude death rate of French men in the years 1900-2018 on the ages of 18, 40 and 65 years is used.

In this study, three different models of this family were evaluated. Based on the parameter estimation, the models fitted to the data and finally, the mortality rate prediction were found  that the Rinshaw-Haberman model performed better in predicting the mortality rate for all ages under study than the other two models.

In this study, by generalizing the Lee-Carter model by applying the applying the age-specific cohort effects, the performance of the model was improved and the optimal method was presented by evaluating these models.

To assess the effect of penetration depth of the surface tripolar electrical stimulation, Tripolar TENS was applied with different intensities (equal to sensory threshold (ST), 1.25 ST, 1.5 ST) on vertebral column of twenty healthy and three hemiplegic subjects. The cathode of TENS was laid on the T11 vertebra and anodes were put 3cm apart from cathode, longitudinally and in the anode-cathode-anode arrangement. Before, after and 10 min after TENS the recruitment curve of soleus and gastrocnemius H-reflex and M wave were recorded. Experiments were done in four separate sessions. One of them was control session and the TENS apparatus was off in it. In each of the test sessions, TENS was applied with one of the intensities. The results showed that the 1.5 ST TENS have a complex facilitatory-inhibitory effect on recruitment curve of soleus H-reflex in the way that slow motoneurons were inhibited and fast motoneurons were facilitated. So the positive slope of curve was increased and the intensity needed to evoke Hmax was decreased. Amplitude of Hmax and threshold of the curve were slightly decreased. Gastrocnemius was facilitated after 1.5 ST TENS. The threshold of the H-reflex curve and needed intensity to evoke Hmax were decreased, while peak to peak amplitude of Hmax was increased. After ST TENS, soleus was facilitated and gastrocnemius had little change. It seems that 1.5 ST TENS facilitate Ia, Ib, fast motoneurons and renshaw cells via stimulating the dorsal column of the cord and renshaw inhibit slow motoneurons, so a complex of facilitation and inhibition appears in soleus motoneurons. In the case of gastrocnemius which the renshaw cells had not strong effect, H-reflex curve was facilitated. In ST TENS which only the skin afferents were stimulated the renshaw cells were inhibited by skin afferents and H-reflex was facilitated, But because the gastrocnemius motoneurons are slightly under control of renshaw and skin afferents synapses with motoneurons are not engaged in reflex loop, facilitation of skin afferents synapses after TENS application had no effect on the H-reflex parameters of gastrocnemius.

In this study we compared soleus and gastrocnemius responses to the paired stimulation in order to reveal embedded information in the H- reflex of these muscles. Four men with ages between 20 and 26 were tested. Because there was no ideal point based on the scientific rules to record the h-reflex from the gastrocnemius, we were to determine an ideal point and electrode placement from anatomical and physiological point of view. After this step, the soleus and gastrocnemius were subjected to the paired stimulus and we record the h-reflex recovery curve of these muscles. To record the recovery curve, 11 pairs of stimulus were delivered to the posterior tibial nerve. The time interval between the 151 pair of the stimulus was 50 ms and was increased by 20ms steps in the next pairs up to 250 ms. Relation of the second h-reflex amplitude to the first was calculated and expressed in percent.Then we draw the recovery curve using these values. While the time interval of the paired stimulus was less than 110 ms, the behavior of the curves were similar. In this stage we guess that the muscles are impressed by the renshaw cells inhibition and the fatigue is induced by the first stimulus. When the interval of a pair was 110 ms or more the recovery of soleus was significantly higher than the gastrocnemius. This behavior may be due to a lesser fatigability of the soleus motoneurons and a less renshaw inhibition on the slow motoneurons of the soleus. When the time interval of a pair stimulus was increasel to more than 170ms, both of the curves behave alike. The cause may be the diminishing of the renshaw cell inhibition and the reduction of the fatigue. Because of the physiological properties of motoneurons, when we excite the h-reflex, smaller motoneurons recruite predominantly; but comparing the soleus (slow) and gastrocnemius (fast) recovery curve behavior shows that the information of the fast motoneuron is included in the h-reflex. Using this procedure, we can assess different motoneuron and renshaw cell activities, indirectly. Of course this needs more controlled studies.

Although low-threshold transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a modality used for control of pain, but its effect in the control of spasticity and change of excitability of a motor neuron is controversial. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of 15-min tripolar TENS of vertebral column and bipolar TENS of common peroneal nerve (300 µs width, 50 Hz) on synaptic activities of spinal cord. For this purpose, soleus H-reflex, Mh wave (M wave on the H-reflex signal) and M wave parameters were studied. Twelve healthy and non-athletic female volunteers were tested in two groups. First group received vertebral column stimulation and second group received peripheral stimulation in 4 separate experimental sessions (two control and two test sessions). In the first group, tripolar TENS (cathode on T 11, one anode 3 cm above and the other 7 cm below the cathode) was applied. In the second group, bipolar TENS (cathode on common peroneal nerve at the level of fibular head and anode 3 cm below the cathode) was used. Then, the acquired data were analyzed statistically. The results showed that peak to peak amplitude (PP), area under the curve and average rectified value (ARV) of H-reflex in the first stimulation group decreases (p<0.05), but in the second group, there is no significant changes. In addition, these parameters increased for Mh wave in the first group, but in the second group, there were no significant changes. It is suggested that tripolar TENS of vertebral column has augmented activity of the fast motor units. In this respect, it is possible that Renshaw cells are more activated and suppressed the activity of the slow motor units. These effects tended to increase the sensitivity of soleus motor end plate and decrease H-reflex amplitude. It can be concluded that tripolar TENS of vertebral column (depending on the site and method of stimulation) appears to be effective in synaptic activities of the spinal cord, especially the fast motor units and Renshaw cells, while bipolar TENS of common peroneal nerve does not produce such effect.

Our purpose was to determine the effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on the synaptic activities of spinal cord and H - reflex and M, wave parameters of antagonist muscle. 10 healthy nonathletic male volunteers were tested In two experimental sessions (control and test). In the test session, two separate of TENS for a period of 10 minuts were delivered at 100 Hz and 300 us pulse width on tibialis anterior muscle (catode on the belly of tibialis anterior muscle and anode on common proneal nerve). In the control session no current was passed through the electrodes. Statistical analysis indicated that after TENS, peak to peak amplitude and area under the curve (ARV) of soleus H-reflex have been decreased significantly (p<0.05). These parameters were increased for the soleus M, wave. The results demonstrated that the neuromuscular electrical stimulation of tibialis anterior causes an increase in the sensitivity of its motor end plate. On the other hand this stimulation caused an increase in the renshaw cells activities and its inhibitory effects on soleus motor neurons.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Teaching breath’s thinking strategies on subjective wellbeing and tolerance of ambiguity among female Senior High Schools students in Khorramabad city.
This was a semi- experimental study with pre-test, post-test and the control group design. The statistical population of this study consisted of all female third grade students studying in Khorramabad high schools that among them 40 subjects were selected through randomize multi stage cluster sampling. The instruments used in this study were subjective well-being questionnaire, Renshaw and Bolognino and tolerance of ambiguity questionnaire, McLain.
The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics methods (average & standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Multivariate Analysis of Covariance). The results indicated that breath’s thinking strategies training improved subjective wellbeing (P Accordingly, it is recommended to schools that set attention to teaching these strategies as part of their educational priorities.

The main purpose of the present study is The relationship between the rate of using virtual social networks with loneliness and marital infidelity in students. The research method is descriptive-correlation. The statistical population is the statistical population of this study includes all married students of Payam Noor University of Kerman that 100 of them were selected through Morgan table and simple random sampling method. The instrument of measurement in this research is Asher, Hymel &Renshaw Loneliness and And marital infidelity Marami and Khademi (1392) questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient.The results showed that There is no relation between the rate of use of virtual social networks with loneliness in students (P>0.01). There is no relation between the rate of using virtual social networks with emotional and social loneliness in students (P>0.05). There is a relationship between the rate of using virtual social networks with marital infidelity in students (P<0.01).

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of positive thinking skills training on students’ subjective well-being. The research method was semi-experimental and pretest-posttest with control group. The sample was 54 sixth grade male students who selected from zone one of Tehran by cluster-multistage sampling. Then they were randomly assigned into experimental group (27 subjects) and control group (27 subjects). Before independent variable (thinking skills training) performed, subjective well-being of groups evaluated with Renshaw students’subjective well-being inventory. Then experimental group participated in nine sessions of positive thinking skills training and control group did not receive any intervention. After sessions, posttest performed for both groups. Data analyzed with covariance. The results showed that positive thinking training have positive effect on students’ subjective well-being (P

Aspects of pitching and plunging motions on unsteady aerodynamic behavior of an aircraft model were studied. Extensive wind tunnel tests were performed on a standard dynamics model, SDM, oscillating in both pitch and plunge modes. Up to now, there has been little or no result on the plunging behavior of an aircraft or missile as a whole and the present experiments can be considered as one of the first attempts to study the compressible flow field over a model undergoing both pitching and plunging motions. The experiments involved measuring normal force and pitching moment of the model at Mach numbers of 0.4, 0.6 and 1.5 and oscillation frequencies of 1.25, 2.77 and 6.00 Hz. The longitudinal dynamic derivatives were then calculated from the measured data. The pitching results have been compared with the available data on the same model and good agreement has been achieved. However no plunging data on the same or a similar model was available in the literature to be compared with the present findings.