Reputational homicide is a common phenomenon among the Iranian tribes and traditional societies and stems from the traditional structure, tribe lives,patriarchal governance and instrumental abuse of women.The present study aims at clarifying the social-cultural factors affecting the reputational homicides among the Iranian tribes.Questionnaire was used to collect the required data. 900 tribes formed the statistical population from which 267 families were randomly selected.The findings showed that variables are related to the tribal beliefs and the collective conscience have direct significant relationship with reputational homicides and variables such as a social trust, localization, and individualization have reverse relationship with reputational homicide.

Empirical support for the assumption that cliques are major determinants of reputational influence derives largely from the frequent finding that organizations which claimed that their cliques’ connections are influential had an increased likelihood of becoming influential themselves. It is suggested that the strong and consistent connection in cliques is at least partially responsible for the reputational influence factors. It is argued that social network analysis is an appropriate method for studying the use of influence development in the context of networked organizations. The results of the statistical network analysis reveal interesting findings in terms of prominent structural forms and the impact of involvement or embeddedness in the formal network. Consequently, this tells us that firms’ embeddedness in a centralized network structure which is based on formal ties harms the firms’ level of reputational influence.

Duress is one of the factors that, according to the Hadith of Raf and other reasons, eliminate duty and responsibility from committing a crime but well-known Imams' jurists accepted duress in homicide and are believed that in the case of committing, the person becomes the retribution. The main question of this study is that, with Supposing the acceptance of the famous opinion, Whenever a threat comes from Mokrah, is more important and more difficult than homicide that Mokrah duress to that, for example a person duress other to homicide a person and Threatening if he don’t homicide him, he will homicide the whole of his family, what is duty?
Based on the evidence presented in the article, it is concluded that in the premise of the rule of the most important and the important, it permits the permission and the need for homicide of duress.

Spousal homicide is a personal, domestic and social problem which has mortal and morbid effects on public safety. Domestic homicide, especially spousal homicide, is typically unlike stranger murder, not a crime of sudden, unanticipated violence. Rather, these murders hide the tragic story of escalated domestic violence, strain and personal and social harmful consequences in them that require serious study. So the aim of this research is to identify social-cultural factors leading to spousal homicide which has been increased considerably in last years and involve many men and women as a "murder" or "victim". By applying qualitative method of research, we try to achieve this aim. For this reason, through random sampling, we select 34 files of spousal homicide incidents that occurred in Tehran between 1380 and 1387. Half of these files belong to spousal homicide of men and the rest half belong to spousal homicide of women. By applying content analysis technique, we have analyzed and examined all of these files. The result of this research show that the presence of social-psychological strain on men and women in the family, in the absence of social and personal support system and association with delinquent peers and blockage of legal coping ways, lead couples to commit spousal homicide. Results also show different patterns of killing and factors between men and women.Moreover demographic variables such as social-economical status of couples and their families, couple's age and age disparity, age and the number of children also affecting spousal homicide.

In criminalization stage‚ the principle is that homicide must be intentional. But nowadays‚ homicides are not committed intentionally, but they occur as a result of misusing of thought during various activities‚ disturbing the public order and hence they must be criminalized. Hence, the mens rea of homicide should be extended and, in addition to intent‚ it should cover the failure in using the thought by human. If the fault is so grave that it can disturb the public order‚ it is called criminal fault. It must be suggested that the authority that finds occurrence or non- occurrence of criminal fault and its gravity is jury. Criminality of homicide that rises from criminal fault is exceptional and needs to be expressed by legislator. Occasionally, the legislator has alternated the fault with intention and has extended the punishment of murder to that. In this article, it is proved that retaliation is the punishment of murder and would not cover the homicide rising from fault by anyway.

Serial homicide has rarely been defined by lawyers and criminologists and is often analyzed as an aspect of violent crimes; criminal law has not defined it yet. The present study aims at presenting several different definitions of serial homicides and their specific basics; one comprehensive definition is finally given. Three elements of such definition are: time, the least number of victims, and personal motivation. What the present paper tries to emphasize is the fact that serial homicide is more of a psychological concept than a legal one, so to define such phenomenon one should not seek mere legal criteria, otherwise all aspects of it will not be clarified well. There are certain significant differences between serial homicide and other types of homicide which has been elaborated on in this study.

In this study we have examined the risk of death by homicide in Miami-Dade County and Broward County (BC); and examined the association between socioeconomic status and homicide while describing victim's typical characteristics such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, and type of injury. Data was collected from the County's Medical Examiner's Offices, Census Bureau, and Federal Bureau of Investigation between 2004 and 2007. There has been an increase in the risk of dying by homicide in the studied area; the homicide rate for the selected period was two times higher than the national average. Although Black Non-Hispanics count for 19% of the population of Miami-Dade County and 23% in Broward County, 56% and 53% of homicide victims are among this ethnic group in Miami-Dade County and Broward County respectively. Hispanics were more at risk of being a victim of homicide in 2007 than they were in 2004. A substantial proportion of the homicide victims were 22 years of age or younger.. In fact, the homicide victim's average age has been steadily decreasing in recent years. The drastic increase in the risk of death by gunshot among young Black non-Hispanic and Hispanic residents warrants cause for concern.

This article explains and articulates a social problem that is murder. Murder is a type of criminal homicide that is the unlawful killing of another human person with malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries. Homicide refers to the act of killing another human being that consist two kinds: Criminal homicide and Noncriminal homicide. Criminal homicide is a mala in se crime, and every legal system contains some form of prohibition or regulation of it. Noncriminal homicide is not always a crime. Sometimes the law allows homicide by allowing certain defenses to criminal charges. One of the most recognized is self defense, which provides that a person is entitled to commit homicide to protect his or her own life from a deadly attack. Here, attempted analysis homicide and study its causes by using depth method. The Multiple Case Study is method for study in this research that is one forms of case study. A case study is an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context, especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident. Statistics society includes all of prisoners in Tehran prisons that indicted murder. However in this method there arent sampling in common form, but try to select modal type. This sample include four cases that one woman and three man. The level of analysis is micro and the unit of analysis is individual. In study with use tactics such construct validity, internal validity and external validity tested research design. In order to explanation of murder used Chalabi Deviance Theory. This theory begins definition of behavior. The behavior is function of four elements: opportunity, need, expectation and meaning. Whenever combination these elements shaped like below occurs deviance: 1) Level of opportunity is low or high, 2) Needs be high, 3) Social expectation from individual is high or low and so 4) Meaning be ambiguous and irrational. This research indicates relation between economic, political and cultural opportunities with murder is a parabola shape (Reverse U). Economic Opportunities (EO) include settlement, job, clothing and food. Political Opportunities (PO) contain safety, freedom and external control. Also Social Opportunities (SO) contains primary, secondary and community relationship. The role of economic opportunities than other variables is too significant and prominent. Moreover, any increase in material, political, social and cultural needs causes increase at murder. Also the relation between homicide and expectation of society and family is U reversing shape. Impression of inequality is an important factor in study that is cased easy at perpetration of murder. However, this research display Chalabi Deviance Theory (CDT) is a comprehensive and useful theory at the study of deviances particularly murder, but must that distinct between cold murder and passion murder.

The relationship between personality traits and criminal behavior has not been sufficiently investigated. This study was done to determine the personality traits in a group of criminals who have committed homicide.
This study was conducted to compare the personality traits in three groups of people in Tehran during 2014. The statistical population was examined 3 communities; first, forensic psychiatric patients; Second, people who accused homicide without psychiatric diagnosis; and, matched group (with no diagnosis and crime). The study sample included 121 males; they have been divided into 3 groups: psychiatric patients who have committed homicide (n=41), murderers without any major psychiatric disorder (n=40) and control group which includes non-committed and non-patient (n=40). The cases were evaluated by a short form of Neo questionnaire.
There was a significant difference between the groups in terms of personality traits, which included neurosis, extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness. The most significant difference was in extroversion and conscientiousness variables. Psychiatric patients’ committed homicide showed higher scores than those of non-patient and the control group. Psychiatric patients had lower scores in extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness characteristics in comparison with the other two groups.
Psychiatric patients who have committed homicide have more Irascible traits. Non-patient cases who committed homicide have a tendency to introspection and egocentrism and they are socially compatible in comparison with patient groups. These subjects are among dispassionate ones. The results of this study failed to demonstrate a significant difference between non-patient cases who have committed homicide and the control group.

More than 464,000 people are killed each year worldwide. Homicide as a violent crime occurs in all countries, regardless of political, religious, or economic background. It is considered as a major public health issue. In explaining homicide, some studies have examined this phenomenon at the macro level and tried to explain the relationship between economic indicators and homicide. As a result, 4 approaches have been developed.  The first view is that by improving economic indicators, homicide rates decrease. The mechanism of this negative relationship involves the effect of economic development on reducing or eliminating deprivation. Economic deprivation causes anger, frustration, and aggression. By lowering the tolerance threshold, it paves the way for murder in the society. The second view is that by improving economic indicators, homicide rates increase. The mechanism of this positive relationship is that the improvement of economic indicators would lead to urbanization, which weakens social cohesion and control by increasing heterogeneity and inequality and thus, the homicide rate rises in the society. The third view is that by declining economic indicators, homicide rates increase. The mechanism of this positive relationship originates from Durkheim's idea, which states that in the context of economic recession, one's status is impaired and individuals have difficulty in matching their expectations and abilities. The last view is that by declining economic recession, homicide rates decrease. The mechanism of this negative relationship originates from Henry and Short's idea of how people interpret this situation. If they attribute their misery and deprivation to macroeconomics and its performance, the homicide rate will decrease, but if they attribute their feelings to themselves, the homicide rate will raise. Although Iran is considered as one of the low-rate countries in terms of homicide, the homicide rate has been fluctuated during the past three decades. Since there is no longitudinal study of the relationship between economic indicators and homicide in Iran, the key question of the present study was whether there was a relationship between economic indicators and homicide rates in Iran or not.  

This time-series study examined the relationship between economic indicators, including GDP per capita, inflation, unemployment, women's participation in labor force, and the internet penetration, and homicide rate during 1995-2018. The research data were collected from the Iranian Statistical Center, the Central Bank of Iran, the Iranian police, and the World Bank. To investigate the short-run and long-run relationship between the variables, Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method was applied in Microfit 5 software. 

Based on the results, the long-run relationship of economic indices and homicide rate showed that GDP per capita and the internet penetration negatively affected homicide and women's participation in labor force had a positive impact on it. Moreover, there was no significant relationship of unemployment and inflation with homicide. The negative relationship between GDP per capita, the internet penetration, and homicide obviously confirmed the first theoretical approach (the more improving the economic indicators were, the less homicide rates appeared). On the other hand, the positive relationship between women's participation in labor force and homicide clearly affirmed the second theoretical perspective (the more improving the economic indicators were, the more homicide rates occurred). In the end, the following two key limitations had to be considered: 1) Iran's economy is mainly a state economy that is dependent on oil export and affected by foreign sanctions. Thus, a part of fluctuations in the economic indicators during the period of 1995-2018 was influenced by intensifying or improving the above mentioned factors, which could not be controllable by the author ; 2) There were other variables for measuring economic indicators, to which the author did not have access. It is clear that they must be also tested in order to obtain a more obvious perspective on the relationship between economic indices and homicide rates.