Vaspin (visceral adipose tissue-derived serpin) was identified as a potential insulin sensitizing adipokine. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training intensity and volume on serum vaspin concentration and insulin resistance index. Thirty two male Wister rats (287 ± 24 g) were randomly divided into four groups: (1) control، (2) trained with low intensity، (3) trained with moderate intensity، and (4) trained with high volume in moderate intensity. The resistance training consisted of climbing a ladder carrying a load suspended from the tail. After 4 weeks resistance training، serum glucose، insulin، and vaspin concentrations were measured، and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was calculated. Serum vaspin concentrations were lower in trained groups compared with control group. Trained groups had lower serum insulin concentrations and insulin resistance index than control group. The lowest serum insulin concentration and insulin resistance index were found in high volume in moderate intensity group. This study indicated that resistance training could decrease serum vaspin and insulin concentrations as well as insulin resistance index. The volume of resistance training is an effective factor to improve insulin sensitivity.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of circular resistance training on serum peptin levels and insulin resistance index in men with type 2 diabetes. The present study is quasi-experimental. The statistical sample of this study consisted of 20 men with type 2 diabetes with mean and standard deviation of age 39.1 3 3.25 years, height 173.8 85 4.85 cm weight 80 ± 12.89 kg which were randomly divided into two groups of 12 people. Experimental and control were divided. Experiments in the experimental group performed 8 weeks of circular resistance training three sessions per week with an intensity of 50 to 80% of a maximum repetition. Before and after 8 weeks of exercise, serum levels of peptin, insulin resistance index, fasting glucose and insulin were measured. Correlated t-test and independent t-test were used to examine intragroup changes. Intragroup changes showed that 8 weeks of circular resistance training significantly reduced levels of peptin, insulin resistance index, fasting glucose and insulin (P = 0.0001) compared to the diabetic control group. Also, in the comparison between groups, circular resistance training caused a significant decrease in levels of peptin, insulin resistance index, fasting glucose (P = 0.0001) and insulin (P = 0.001) compared to the diabetic control group. The findings of this study showed that circular resistance training reduces levels of peptin, insulin resistance index, fasting glucose and insulin in people with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, it seems that this type of exercise can be useful for type 2 diabetics.

Drought resistance of 24 accessions of Agropyron trichophorum was examined based on forage yield in a complete block design with three replications under normal and dry land farming system. Drought resistance indices of genotypes were measured for forage dry matter yield of two environment conditions including sensitivity to stress index (SSI), tolerance (TOL), mean productivity (MP), drought tolerant index (DTI), mean harmonic (MH) and geometrical mean of productivity (GMP). According to the results of variance analysis of drought resistance indices, significant variation was observed among accessions. Results of mean comparisons showed that genotypes 10 (Semirom), 23 (Mazandaran), 24 (Gorgan), 5 (Chaharmahal), 17 (Yasuj) and 9 (Eghlid) had higher values for forage dry matter yield in both environment conditions. With regard to the drought resistance indices, genotypes 10 (Semirom), 23 (Mazandaran) and 24 (Gorgan), showed the most resistance to drought stress. Obtained results were confirmed by results of cluster analysis and principle component analysis.

Physical activity is known to influence and regulate leptin hormone secretion, which assists in the regulation of body weight and energy homeostasis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of a single session of concurrent exercise on leptin levels and insulin resistance, until 24 h post-exercise. Ten male subjects (22.9±1.7 years) healthy volunteer performed a single session of concurrent aerobic and resistance exercise [Aerobic exercise: 60%-70% of their maximal oxygen up take for 20 min and resistance exercise: 2 sets of 10 repetitions at 70% of 1 repetition maximum]. Leptin, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance index were measured before and 24 h after exercise. Significant difference was observed between serum leptin levels (5.75±1.06 ng.ml-1 vs, 5.06±0.62), insulin resistance index (1.21±0.18, vs. 1.03±0.13) and insulin concentration (6.02±0.54 UΙμ.ml-1 vs, 5.30±0.44). However, serum glucose levels (4.52±0.27 mmol.l-1 vs., 4.37±0.36) remained unchanged before and 24 h post-exercise. Significant correlations was observed between insulin resistance index to insulin levels (r=0.97, P=0.000) and glucose (r=0.91, P=0.000) and also between serum leptin to insulin levels (r=0.73, P=0.02) and insulin resistance index (r=0.68, P=0.038) (P<0/05). Results of this study indicated that even a single session of concurrent aerobic and resistance exercise with significant change in leptin levels could have positive effects on insulin resistance index.

Diabetes is one of the most common health problems with remarkable outcomes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of changes in glycosylated hemoglobin, insulin resistance index, and plasma levels of lipids following a period of circuit resistance training in male patients with type 2 diabetes.
In this semi-experimental study, 20 men with type 2 diabese, were randomly selected and divided into two experimental (n=10) and control (n=10) groups. The experimental group performed circuit resistance training for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week with 60-80% of one repetition maximum (1RM). The variables measured before and after training program included blood levels of glycosylated hemoglobin, insulin resistance index, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol. Data were analyzed using dependent and independent t-tests at the significance level of p In this study, 8 weeks of circuit resistance training caused a significant decrease in insulin resistance index and fasting blood glucose in the experimental group compared to the control group (p0.05).
Circuit resistance training can be taken into consideration as a non-drug therapy for health of men with type 2 diabetes.

To achieve more efficiency in plant breeding programs in drought and semidrought regions، the best drought resistance indices must be determined. So، 25 barley advanced lines were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications under stress and non-stress environments. Five drought resistance indices of TOL، SSI، MP، GMP and STI were assessed on the basis of grain yield under stress and non-stress conditions. Based on the results of correlation between drought resistance indices and grain yield in stress and non-stress environment، drought indices of GMP and STI exhibited a high correlation with grain yield in either environment. These indices were recognized as the best for selecting Lines with high yield potential in either of the stress or non-stress environments. Based on the biplot graph، Lines Mari/…، L. 527/ and Ligness 527/ … were considered as resistant Lines grouped into A zone. The most suitable line based on these indices was determined Mari/…. Pedigree.

Drought stress is a serious threat that limit maize growth and production. The assessment tolerance level of maize by measuring changes in the main biochemical and physiological indicators under drought stress. We performed a genome-wide association analysis of biochemical and physiological indicators using an elite association panel. The results revealed that eight significant SNPs (p<0.05/N) located in eight genes that are distributed on different chromosomes were associated with drought resistance indices under drought stress. Among these genes, four genes were linked via the associated SNPs with drought-resistance indices of the malondialdehyde activity (MDA), three genes were linked with drought resistance indexes of the superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), and one gene was linked with drought resistance indexes of relative conductivity (REC). The candidate genes functioned as transcription factors, enzymes, and transporters, which included trehalase, the AP2/EREB160 transcription factor, and glutathione S-transferase and also encoded a gene of unknown function. These genes may be directly or indirectly involved in drought resistance. The expression levels of ZmEREB160 responded to ABA and drought stress. These results provided good information to understand the genetic basis of variation in drought resistance indices of biochemical and physiological indicators during drought stress.

To assess orbital color doppler ultrasonography (CDU) parameters of patients with manifest hyperopia in comparison to the emmetropes Forty eyes of 40 patients presenting with manifest hyperopia was included into the study. Forty eyes of 40 emmetropes healthy volunteers also were examined as the control group. We have evaluated ophthalmic artery, central retinal artery, posterior ciliary artery, central retinal vein, and superior ophthalmic vein flow velocities and resistance indices. Resistance indices value in the ophthalmic artery and mean velocities in the superior ophthalmic vein were significantly higher in the group of manifest hyperopia. CDU parameters of the central retinal artery, central retinal vein, nasal and temporal posterior ciliary artery between hyperopic group and the control group were statistically insignificant. Doppler ultrasonography findings revealed that some orbital CDU parameters are altered in eyes with manifest hyperopia compared to emmetropia. Particularly, increased resistance indices suggested the possibility that increased choroidal vascular resistance may be associated with the pathological angiogenesis in the affected eye.

Aims: Apelin is an adipokine, which secreted from adipose tissue and has positive effects against the insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8-week aerobic exercise on levels of apelin and insulin resistance index in sedentary men.
In this semi-experimental study with controlled group pre/post-test design in 2015, 27 healthy sedentary men living in Mashhad City, Iran, were selected by convenience sampling method. They were divided into two groups; experimental group (n=14) and control group (n=13). In the trained group, the volunteers participated in 8 weeks aerobic exercise, 3 days/week (equivalent to 75-85% of maximum oxygen consumption) for 60 minutes per session. The research variables were assessed before and after the intervention in both groups. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 20 software using paired and independent sample T tests.
Findings: 8-week aerobic exercise significantly decreased the weight, BMI and apelin, insulin and insulin resistance index levels and increased the maximum oxygen consumption in experimental group sedentary men (p 8-week aerobic exercise reduces apelin levels and insulin resistance index in sedentary men.

The aim of this study was to investigate the interactive effect of endurance training and vitamin E intake on adiponectin concentration and insulin resistance index. 30 healthy inactive women (age, 24.8±3.7 years, weight, 60.3±1.3 kg, height, 161.9±1.3 cm) were divided into three groups including vitamin E and exercise (VE), vitamin E (V) and control (C). Subjects in VE group performed a training protocol 3 times per week at the intensity of 65 to 80% of maximal heart rate and daily consumed 400 IU vitamin E at lunch for 4 weeks. Subjects in V group did not perform any exercise training. Data analysis revealed that adiponectin concentration significantly reduced similarly in all three groups (P0.05). Intra-group and intergroup comparisons for insulin concentration and insulin resistance index showed no significant differences in all groups (P>0.05). Although glucose concentration reduced significantly in all three groups, no significant differences were found among them.Therefore, it could be concluded that short-term combination of endurance training and vitamin E consumption does not influence adiponectin concentration and insulin resistance index in healthy women.