BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:

Literary works have long been one of the main sources for studying and analyzing the political and social issues of past societies, Authors, as a conscious stratum of society, have reflected these issues in their works. Among these celebrities are” Khajeh Nizam-Al-Molk”, “Muhammad ibn Ghazi Multiwi”, “ Zohiri-Samar-Kandi” and “ Ishag ibn Ibrahim Sajasi” who lived between the fifth and seventh centuries AH and were acquainted with the real life of the society of their time by attending at politics, positions, or meeting and communicating with Persians related to politics and society. This research studies the social issues reflected in the books of “ Syaasatnaameh”, “Rozah-Al-Oghoul”, “Sandbaadnaameh” and “Faraed-Al-Solouk” and examines social issues in the forms of components of social justice and women and their functions, and shows that he extent to which the authors pay attention to these components and their characteristics.

This research has been done in a documentary manner with quantitative and qualitative analysis.

In the four mentioned works, the attitude towards social justice and women’s affairs is almost the same.
 

Attention to the component of social justice in the book, “ Syasatnaameh” Is more among these attention to oppression and litigation is significant and in the other three books, more attention is paid to supporting the deprived. In terms of women’s issues, the author of” Syasatnaameh” has paid more attention to women’s irrationality and the author of” Faraed-Al-solouk” had paid attention to women’s modesty and fidelity, in “ Sandbadnaameh”, too, the frequency of referring to low-mined and capricious women is higher and in the “ Rowzah-Al-Oghoul” low-mined, capricious and wise women, the same frequency is raised.

Conversation and questioning is an important part of expression, which is considered as the most important human capital and makes man capable of many things and has created many sciences and knowledge and has played an important role in transferring experimental knowledge and increasing data and information, correcting and reconstructing them.More than any other religion, Islam has insisted on dialogue as a principle to make people aware of the truths of existence and to acquaint them with its evolutionary method and to achieve the superior religion and method. Therefore, the present research has been conducted in order to examine the place and concept of dialogue and questioning in the teachings of Hazrat Ali (peace be upon him) which is practical in terms of purpose and analytical-descriptive in terms of method. The scope of this research included the books Nahj al-Balagha, Tohf al-Aqool, Mizan al-Hikma, Gharar al-Hakma in relation to the topics of conversation and questioning, which were sampled in a targeted way.The data collection tool was made by the researcher. In this research, the required data was first extracted from the review of Islamic texts. Then data analysis was done with thematic coding including three stages (open, central and selective coding) using analogical categorization system.The findings of the research indicate that the analysis of the meanings of dialogue, questioning and its types in the teachings of Hazrat Ali (peace be upon him)includes 17 dimensions.Meanings of conversation (wise speech, speech with thought, timely speech and truthful speech), the meanings of questioning (asking to remove ignorance, not harm, eagerness to know, covering up flaws, trying to increase awareness, eloquent answer and knowing right from wrong), Types of dialogue (defense of the truth, understanding dialogue, dialogue with a specific goal) and types of questioning (questioning timely, good questions, targeted questions and exploratory questions).

The story of "The Animals Lawsuit against Humanity", the oldest version of which is found in the Arabic Epistles oF Ikhwana al-Safa, has received more attention from Persian (and Turkish) writers in the two periods of the eighth and thirteenth centuries. In these two periods, twelve translations and adaptations of this story have been identified, which this study seeks to introduce and discover genealogy and the relationship between them in general. Based on the findings of this study, there are three main streams and one sub-stream (eclectic) in these translations and adaptations: the main stream maintains the structure of the Arabic narrative (plot, time and place, characters and trajectory of the story) and fundamental changes has not given. The intrusions and occupations of this steam have been mainly the change of its writing style from the sent prose to the artificial prose. The second stream summarizes the story; and the third stream, which begins with the initiative of Mir Hosseini Heravi, makes fundamental changes in the narrative and presents a story with a different structure, trajectory, and plot. In this process, although the main themes of the conversations and some characters are preserved, the plot and trajectory of the story are reproduced in the light of mystical discourse. The manifestation of the influence of mystical discourse is in adding the theme of "travel" and "Pir" and setting up seven courts in seven days, as well as the topics of conversation.

An experimental study of the high velocity impact on 2/1 GLARE panels has been carried out. Four GLARE 3 panels with (Al/0/90/Al)، (Al/02/902/Al)، (Al/04/904/Al) and (Al/08/908/Al) configurations were fabricated. All panels had same aluminum thickness. Ballistic tests were conducted using flat ended steel projectiles. The failure modes and energy absorption mechanisms were characterized by observation the front and rear sides and also sectioning the panels. Some global and local failure modes due to high velocity impact were identified. The ballistic limit velocity and energy absorption capacity of each panel set was determined experimentally. Specific perforation energy was applied for comparison the ballistic efficiencies of each target. It was found that the (Al/02/902/Al) sequence has the superior specific perforation energy.

The functional graded Al/Al-Cu-Cr composite was developed by horizontal centrifugal casting method and the effect of mold speed on the microstructure and hardness was investigated. The microstructure assessment and identification of the resulting phases was performed using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that ternary in-situ Al/Al-Cu-Cr composite microstructure was consisted of four phases α-Al, Al2Cu, θCr(Al7Cr) and ζ-Al-Cr-Cu. The centrifugal force caused the separation and movement of the intermetallic particles containing chromium (θCr(Al7Cr) and ζ-Al-Cr-Cu) toward the outer region of the composites with a decreasing trend to the middle region. The Al2Cu particles distributed toward the inner region of the specimens and were evenly distributed from the inner region to the middle region. As the mold rotation speed increased, the observed separation gradient increased so that the maximum area fraction of intermetallic particles in the outer region increased from 17% at 600 rpm to 36% at 1800 rpm. The results showed that the in-situ Al/Al-Cu-Cr composite has a higher hardness than the binary Al/Al-Cr composite at the same conditions. So that an increment of 80 percent in hardness was observed for the Al/Al-Cu-Cr composite compared to the Al/Al-Cr composite in their outermost region. As the rotational speed increased from 600 to 1800 rpm, the maximum amount of hardness which was associated with the outermost region of the centrifugally cast Al/Al-Cu-Cr composite increased from 51 to 76 Brinell.

In this study, the water balance component of the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) was replaced by the Atmosphere-Land Surface Interaction Scheme (ALSIS) and the modified Palmer Drought Severity Index (AL-PDSI) was compared with the self-calibrating version of Palmer Drought Severity Index (SC-PDSI). The evaluation of drought indices in Karkheh river basin for the period 1983-2011 reveals reporting more severe droughts for certain duration by the AL-PDSI in comparison with the SC-PDSI. The AL-PDSI can capture seasonal variations in relative frequency of droughts. Moreover, the relative frequency of mild, moderate and severe drought for the AL-PDSI is higher than that for the SC-PDSI. However, the AL-PDSI and SC-PDSI do not show a remarkable difference in terms of the correlation with vegetation and soil moisture variations. The more physical mechanism of AL-PDSI helps in more comprehensive understanding of drought characteristics and in studying the effects of climate and land use change scenarios on droughts.

In this research, the electrochemical behavior of AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel at presence of Al, Ti and simultaneous co-deposition of Al-Ti diffusional coatings were studied in the simulated marine environment (NaCl 3.5%). To determine the microstructure and phases of the coatings, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used. To evaluate the corrosion resistance of coatings, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods were used. Electrochemical polarization results showed that co-deposition of Al-Ti coating has better corrosion resistance (4.55×10-4 μA.cm-2) in comparison to Al (3.21×10-2 μA.cm-2) and Ti (3.6×10-2 μA.cm-2) coatings. Also the results of electrochemical impedance showed that co-deposition of Al and Ti have higher charge transfer resistance of electric double-layer in comparison with Al and Ti coatings.

In the current study the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-2Ni-xMn alloys was investigated as a substitute for Al-4Ni alloys. To this end, different melts containing 2 wt. % Ni and 1, 2, and 4 wt. % Mn were solidified at two cooling rates of 3.5 and 10.4 C/s. According to the results, under the low solidification rate, the tensile strength, fracture strain, and toughness of Al-2Ni-1Mn alloy are lower than those of Al-4Ni alloy by 26, 115, and 137%, respectively. However, further Mn addition impaired the tensile properties. Increasing the solidification cooling rate decreases the size and improves the distribution of Ni(Mn)-rich compounds and porosities within the microstructure and reduces the sizes of secondary dendrite arm spacing and grains. This substantially improved the mechanical properties of Mn-rich alloys. For instance, compared to Al-4Ni alloy solidified at 3.5 C/s, the tensile strength, fracture strain, and toughness of copper mold cast Al-2Ni-1Mn alloy increased by 50, 200, and 330%, respectively.