Each country needs to preserve its human capital through preventing accidents for its development. Therefore, this study is carried out to study the relationship between safety investments and safety performance indices considering the interactive effect of the project hazard level in construction industry.

This study was conducted using multiple case studies in 5 major construction worksites, in Tehran, in 2019. Data was collected using questionnaire, checklists and interview as well as evaluating the safety documents. The data analysis in this study was carried out using SPSS 18.

There was a strong inverse correlation between safety investments (total safety investment, basic safety investment, and voluntary safety investment) and accident frequency rate (AFR) (r=-0.936, P-value<0.05), and there was a direct strong correlation between safety investment and safety performance (P-value<0.05, r=0.939). Also, the effect of various safety investments on safety performance indices under various project conditions (project hazard levels) was not the same; when the project hazard level was high, the effect of safety investments on safety performance was higher.

Increasing safety investment improves safety performance through decreasing the accidents. Also, investment in both safety components (basic safety investment and voluntary safety investment) might improve safety performance. The results of the current study can be used as a basis by the contractors and construction companies to invest in safety and to determine proper budget for managing safety of construction projects.

The construction industry is one of the most dangerous industries. Therefore, in order to improve the conditions and preventative interventions, senior executives of construction projects need to understand the factors affecting safety performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between safety investments and safety performance indicators in the construction industry.
 

This descriptive-analytic study was carried out using "multiple case study" method in 5 major construction worksites of Tehran in 2018. Data were collected using various techniques such as structured interviews, safety documentations and questionnaire. Collected data was analyzed using SPSS software version 18.
 

The results of the study indicate a strong negative correlation between the various types of safety investments (total safety investments, basic safety investment and voluntary safety investment) and the accident frequency rate (AFR) (r = -0.936, P-value < 0.05) (retrospective index ), and also indicate a strong direct correlation of this variable with the safety performance (prospective indicator) (r = 0.939, p-value < 0.05). Also, there was a significant relationship between marital status and age with safety performance.
 

The findings of this study showed that an increase in the level of safety investments (total safety investments, basic safety investments, and voluntary safety investments) will improve safety performance.

Construction industry is known as one of the most perilous industries in that it is involving the hazardous projects as well as the high manpower activities correlating with a high rate of work-related accidents. On the other hand, the high rate of accidents in the industry demanding a big budget for the damages; therefore, safety is strongly emphasized in the construction industry projects. Iran holds 15th rank in the world’s rank in terms of electricity generation and as a developing country needs to boost its electricity production by about five percent annually. On the other hand, some factors indicate the necessities of a focus on promoting safety and a safety culture in these projects; the risky nature of power plant construction, the increment in the number of contracting companies, the size of projects and the complexity of work procedures, and the natural outsourcing of activities, to name but a few. The accidents of the construction industry caused by a variety of causes are generally categorized into two groups, those which are caused by dangerous situations or physics and ones with the reason correlated to the unsafe behaviors or the actions. Accordingly, many studies have focused on the behavior of individuals as one of the first-line factor of accidents, and it is believed that fostering an appropriate safety culture in the organization and individuals is a crucial strategy lessening the workrelated accidents. The safety culture of an organization is the product of group and individual values, perspectives, anticipations, adequacies, and behavior patterns that ascertain the extent of their commitment to the organization proficiency, health style, and safety management. In general, the organizations with a strong safety culture which are gradually enhancing by time effectively prevent from individual and organizational disasters. According to several studies, there are disparate factors affecting the safety culture of the organization and the individuals. Given to the results of numerous studies, the safety investment in the projects has an impact on the safety culture and the safety performance. However, the degree of influence of each safety factor on the culture improvement is not assessed in the previous studies. Furthermore, it is necessary to recognize the effective type of investment impacting on the enhancement of the safety culture, in that the amount of safety investment in each project and the contracting company has limitations. The present study aimed at evaluating the impact of various safety investment methods on improving safety culture in the construction industry projects and for this reason we investigate the thermal power plant projects.

The current study inspecting the interactive effects of safety investment factors embodying the cost of safety training, the safety incentives, the safety personnel and the safety equipment on the safety culture in the power plant construction projects in Iran. The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method explores the interactive effects of various types of safety investments on the safety culture. The SEM as a multivariate method helps us to simultaneously investigate the relationship between independent and dependent structures in a theoretical model. The SEM is one of the most useful techniques analyzing the relationships between variables. Although variables are probably hypothetical or invisible (hidden variables), this method can specify complex relationships between variables. Among different types of SEM method, the Partial Least Squares SEM (PLS-SEM) method was selected for this study since the data of the study were abnormal and abnormal data can be analyzed using PLS method. Additionally, the PLS method does not require a big sample size and it can compute the hidden structures in the small statistical population by linearly combining the observable variables through their weight relations. The PLS method can also be used both to evaluate hidden (or dependent) variables measured by observed variables (or indices) and to evaluate the relationship between variables (i.e., path coefficients of hypotheses). The software used in this study is Smart PLS Version 2.0.M3. To achieve the objectives of the research, a conceptual model with four hypothetical paths was presented to investigate the impact of different types of investment methods on safety and ten indicators were used to evaluate the safety culture. The four hypotheses of this study including 1- Cost for safety training has a significant impact on the safety culture 2- Cost for promoting safety and incentives has a significant impact on the safety culture 3- Cost for safety personnel has a significant impact on the safety culture 4- Costs for safety equipment have a significant impact on the safety culture. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data needed to evaluate the safety culture measurement model and safety investment. The statistical population is the contracting companies involved in the construction of gas, steam and combined cycle power plants to collect the required data. In order to collect the required research information, we made a connection with the project manager of 28 power plant projects, 19 of which participated in the study through which we receive the questionnaires from 62 specialized contractors. Having utilized the data collected from power plant construction projects, the proposed model was empirically tested using the SEM-PLS method and it was determined which method had a significant impact on improving the safety culture.

According to the results of data analysis in this study, the factor analysis of all questions for assessing the indices of the safety culture is between 0.6 and 0.9 which is more than 0.4 and indicates that these criteria are suitable for measuring indicators. Also, the results of the measurement model parameters have acceptable reliability and validity. The results of the structural model also show that overall spending on investing in safety improves the safety culture in projects and shows three hypotheses of impact of cost of training, cost of incentives and cost of safety personnel with the path coefficients of +0.46, +0.26 and +0.09, respectively. They were confirmed with 95% confidence level. The path coefficient of +0.46 in the first hypothesis indicates that the investment in the safety training accounts for 46% of the variation in the safety culture variable. Hence, given the significant amount of path coefficients for this hypothesis, it can be concluded that increased investment in the safety training by contractors in power plant construction projects has a significant impact on improving their safety culture. +0.26 as the amount of the path coefficient of the second hypothesis showed that the costs of safety incentives in projects has an impact on the safety culture. Considering the path coefficient of +0.09 for the third hypothesis, which is not a significant amount, it can be concluded that the cost of safety personnel has a small impact on the safety culture; accordingly, merely compulsory investments such as costs for safety personnel, have little impact on improving the safety culture. The fourth hypothesis, namely, the effect of cost of safety equipment on safety culture was not confirmed by t = 1.384 on the bases of significant coefficient. Although this result indicates that the cost of the safety equipment reduces the accidents, does not directly have an impact on improving the safety culture.

Among the various methods of investing in the safety, the cost of safety training has the most significant effect on improving the safety culture of contractors, indicating that the safety training positively improves safety participation, awareness, knowledge, behavior, and motivation. The safety training directly effects on the safety culture. After the cost of safety training, the cost of safety incentives and publicity owned the second place in improving the safety culture. The costs for safety personnel have also been relatively influential on safety culture. The costs for safety equipment have no impact on improving the safety culture. The costs for safety equipment would be effective in the project if the safety training be emphasized to improve contractor safety performance. The results of this study help construction industry contractors to optimize safety culture, therefore, reduce work-related accidents by optimally spending on the safety. The first limitation is that the research findings is not generalizable. As mentioned earlier, the culture of safety varies across different regions and industries. The findings of this research are based on the information of the construction of power plant projects in Iran and these findings should be interpreted within this limited context. The current study suffers from the other limitation which is the small sample size; since there is limited number of power plant projects and the accountability of the contractors is low. It is worth noting that PLS method, which is the most appropriate method of the structural equation analysis for the data with small sample size, was utilized to solve this problem. Moreover, this study merely investigates the impact of four investment methods. In the future for the future studies, by collecting additional datasets, different factors can be explored in other projects and regions and presented with separated models.

In the absence of historical accident records, road authorities are faced to a problem of safety investment. Specially, this issue is arisen in case of improving the safety level of a road or a road network. Although, some studies have pointed out the hazard index of some road elements aggregately, no research is disaggregately addressed the issue. This paper addresses a disaggregate approach to identify the risk level of 47 elements of two-way two-lane roads. By introducing analytical hierarchy process (AHP), this paper explores the contribution of each road element to the road safety state. Results gained by the studied road safety experts showed that the main accident risk in the roads is due to parking and other roadside land uses, bridges, accesses and intersections, tunnels, curves and segments respectively. The study also shows that in the range of investigated factors, the top twelve factors are responsible for about 50 percent of accidentprobability.

Road authorities are faced to a problem of safety investment in the absence of historical accident records. Specially, this issue is arisen in case of improving the safety level of a road or a road network. While, some studies have demonstrated the hazard index of some road elements, a few one addressed the issue disaggregately. This study addresses a disaggregate method to identify the risk level of 47 elements of two-way two-lane roads. By introducing analytical hierarchy process (AHP), this paper explores the hazardousness of each road element to the road safety state. Results gained by selected road safety experts showed that the main accident risk in two-way two-lane roads are due to parking and other roadside land uses, and bridges. The study also shows that in the range of assessed factors, the top twelve factors are responsible to more than 50 percent of accident probability.

Safety has been established to maintaining and improving the productivity level of aviation industry with derivable benefits in terms of wealth and reputation. Despite, the investment in aviation; safety is generally recognized as an incurred cost, leading to compliance approach. This may be due to dearth of literature on generally agreed proactive safety performance indicator to justify the huge investment. This study therefore developed predictive models that evaluate runway safety investment strategies and predict the overall performance of the aviation system using System Dynamics stock and flow diagram.  An interactive computer programme of the models was written using Java programming language. The set of dynamic equations for predicting number of runway accidents, preventions, monetary savings/losses and safety programme breakeven period were the safety performance measures. Runway safety intervention effectiveness factor and level of budget implementation were system policy parameters used to control the mechanism of the runway safety system. Relevant data were obtained from Federal Aviation Authority, Nigeria to validate the models. Twenty-nine runway safety quantities were identified. The dynamic equations for number of runway accident preventions and monetary savings/losses exhibited exponential growth while number of runway accidents, exhibit exponential decay. The results of the simulation runs showed no significant difference with real life situations; thus the models can serve as useful tools to effectively and efficiently manage the behaviour and performance of runway safety programme.

The purpose of this research is to provide a model for the investment risk in public-private projects. This research community was formed by managers and experts of public-private projects active in the oil industry, based in Tehran, and university professors. The opinions of 19 experts were used using the objective judgment method. The process of data analysis in two stages of identifying investment risks in public-private projects through interview tools and using thematic analysis method as well as screening and evaluation of components. It was done through questionnaire and fuzzy Delphi method. The findings of the research, in the phase of identifying the components using thematic analysis and during the familiarization phase with the data, 58 cases of speech evidence identified from the text of the interviews were labeled in the form of 15 primary codes. Next, the primary codes were categorized into five sub-themes and then a main theme. In the Delphi phase, all the components were approved by the experts and finally the research model was drawn. The results of the research showed that the risk of investment in public-private projects includes are the lack of transparency in contracts, the risk of non-continuity of policies in the oil industry, tax risk, safety, Investment and infrastructure risk, lack of transparency in official structures, risk of stopping the project due to public opposition, currency risk, financing risk, debt risk, inflation rate risk, financial management risk, and also, the risk of delay in the allocation of government budget for the project.

The implementation of a safety program is one of the most effective factors in increasing productivity. A look to safety from the perspective of efficiency can indicate necessary investment in safety for all, especially the managers of companies.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of safety costs on some indicators of productivity and quality in industrial companies.
This study was a retrospective analysis and was implemented in five steel companies in Ahvaz. The data relating to the safety costs such as staffing costs and total safety costs, and productivity and quality indicators were collected in five years. This information and data were collected according to statistics from documents and archives of safety, accounting, and production sectors of companies. Costs as well as numbers and figures of variables were expressed in the form of per capita and percentage to make the data comparable. Linear and generalized regression models and Wald Chi-Square test were used by the SPSS 22 software to determine the relationships between them.
Safety costs such as capita labor safety costs and capita total safety costs or percentage safety labor costs to labor costs, showed a significant positive effect on labor productivity, labor competitiveness, total factor productivity, quality index and production rates (in some cases, P = 0.001).
The total safety cost and safety labor compensation generally, regardless of the nature and quality of the safety management system, can impact productivity, quality and quantity of production in addition to other factors of production. Surely if safety programs are targeted and codified, the effect of the investment will be doubled.

Nowadays, in addition to implement the quality of management systems and environment management and due to the effects of safety and health issues on working processes, the organizations have also sought to acquire health and safety management systems. This descriptive –analytic and past reviewing study has been implemented based on five years (from 2006 to 2010) recorded documents and statistics information in food industrial. Information was collected based on the food industries checklists. The safety indices including risk evaluation, safety auditing, personnel safety training, investment in personal protection equipments, accident severity, accident frequency, accident frequency-severity and job decease repetition coefficient were used for determination of safety programs successfulness degree. Productivity indices such as human forces productivity, wastage amount, production per capita, personnel absence, personnel complaint and production exploitation were for organizational productivity measurements. The results showed that the safety programs implementation have positive impacts on mentioned productivity indices. So there was a direct relationship between safety rules respect and work condition optimization which arouse productivity development in the organizations. Indices definition could be helpful for the safety system effectiveness and system continuous performance optimization.

Patient safety is one of the most important and vital issues in the health systems of different countries. Team working and communication are very important in preventing and reducing medical errors. This Study aimed to investigate the relationship between the patient's safety and nurse's team working in surgical and intensive care units in Gilan province selected hospitals.
This analytical study was conducted in 30 selected hospitals in Gilan province in 2015. The statistical population of the study consisted of all nurses working in surgical and intensive care units (n = 600), and safety authorities of 30 selected hospitals. Team working data were collected by the teamwork assessment questionnaire and the patient's safety data by the checklist of mandatory standards of patient safety. Data were analyzed by spearman correlation and SPSS 16 software.
According to the results, there was a significant relationship between the patient's safety and nurse's team working (p According to relationship between team working and patient's safety, financing in teamwork culture promotion can prevent serious injuries and possible complications from patients and returns the investment to the hospital.