Salmonella are a genus of zoonotic bacteria of worldwide economic and health importance. Members of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica are mainly associated with warm-blooded vertebrates and are usually transmitted by ingestion of food or water contaminated by infected feces.. The aim of this study was to apply a PCR-RFLP method based on the fliC gene to identify the serotypes of Salmonella isolates from Karaj, Iran.. A total of 30 Salmonella isolates were serotyped by specific antisera. For the PCR-RFLP method based on the fliC gene, extracted DNA was used as the template for amplifying the fliC gene (1500bp) using specific primers. PCR products were subjected to digestion using HhaI restriction endonuclease.. This study determined 30 serotypes as Salmonella durban (56.6%), Salmonella uno (23.3%), Salmonella enteritidis (3.3%), Salmonella tinda (3.3%), Salmonella mjimweme (3.3%), Salmonella Thompson (3.3%), Salmonella sIIO8 (3.3 %) and Salmonella sIIO7 (3.3%). Observations indicated that HhaI is able to discriminate Salmonella tinda and Salmonella thompson, yet Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella durban and Salmonella mjimweme had the same pattern with this enzyme. Also Salmonella sIIO8, Salmonella sIIO7 and Salmonella uno showed the same pattern. Thus, regarding the size and the number of resulting fragments from this enzyme, four patterns were obtained for HhaI.. A large number of Salmonella serotypes need to be analyzed by the PCR-RFLP method and different enzymes must be used to give reliable results..

Typhoidal Salmonella causes an invasive infection resulting in 200 000 deaths among 20 million patients annually. Typhoid remains a public health problem in Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Africa, and South America. Traveler’s diarrhea caused by Salmonella is common in Asia. Outbreaks of typhoidal Salmonella resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the 1990s pushed therapy to ciprofloxacin which was replaced by ceftriaxone due to fluoroquinolone resistance. This prospective study characterizes demographical, etiological, and resistance patterns in typhoidal Salmonella at a 1000-bed teaching hospital in New Delhi, India. Two hundred inpatients in pediatrics, obstetrics-gynecology, medicine, intensive care, and OPD in whom Salmonella bacteremia was detected were characterized by routine and automated microbiology techniques. The mean age of patients in this study was 21.4 years. Overall, 71% of patients suffered from Salmonella Typhi followed by 26% from Salmonella Paratyphi A. Four cases of Salmonella resistance to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol were encountered. A high degree of partial and complete resistance to fluoroquinolones was seen among Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi A, and Salmonella Paratyphi B cases. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was 48% among Salmonella Typhi and 100% among Salmonella Paratyphi A cases. Only 18% of Salmonella Typhi cases were completely resistant to quinolones, while 79% were partially resistant. A total of 92% of Salmonella Paratyphi A cases were partially resistant to quinolones. Four Salmonella cases were resistant to ceftriaxone. Salmonella Typhi remains the predominant serotype, followed by Salmonella Paratyphi A. The high prevalence of quinolone resistance in Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A is a serious problem limiting empirical therapy to non-quinolone-based therapy such as ceftriaxone. Multidrug-resistant Salmonella is an emerging problem requiring active surveillance among residents and travelers presenting with tropical fever.

A total of 400 bovine diarrhoeic fecal specimens were obtained and conventional microbial culture, immunomagnetic separation and multiplex PCR were simultaneously carried out on samples. For detection of Salmonella at genus level, inv-A universal primer was selected. In order to identifiing of Salmonella typhimurium, specific primers of Rfbj, Fljb and Flic related to gene sequence of O4, H2:1,2 and H1: i were used, respectively. Results showed, 33(8.5%)were culture positive for Salmonella serotypes. However, Salmonella typhimurium with(66.7%), Salmonella dublin(9.1%), Salmonella virchow(6.1%), Salmonella gloucester(6.1%), Salmonella enteritidis(3%), Salmonella georgia(3%), Salmonella augustenborg(3%)and Salmonella lindenburg(3%), were the most common isolated serovars, respectively. In the IMS+Multiplex PCR four amplified products(663,526,284 and 183 bp) were found in all specimens which had typhimurium serovar(1,4,5,12:i:1,2)from rfbj,fljb,inv-A and flic genes, respectively. Results showed that detection and identification of Salmonella typhimurium using specific primers of O4, H2:1,2 and H1: i antigens can be useful.

Salmonella spp. are enteric pathogen with a worldwide distribution comprising a large number of serovars. Many virulence factors of Salmonella are encoded by located genes on Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs). This study was conducted to investigate the distribution of two SPI-3 related genes in among three serotypes of Iranian salmonella: typhi, paratyphi B and paratyphi C.
A total of 25 salmonella strains were isolated from Iranian patients with clinical symptoms of salmonellosis. All isolated belong to salmonella serotypes of typhi, paratyphi B and paratyphi C. Salmonella isolates were screened for the presence of mgtC and misL genes by PCR amplification method.
Among 25 salmonella strains, 20 (80%) were positive for SPI-3 region. The presence of misL gene in these serotypes of salmonella was as follows: typhi (100%), Paratyphi C (33%), Paratyphi B (25%) and for mgtC: typhi(97%), paratyphC(33%), paratyphiB(0%).
the widely distribution of SPI-3 among Iranian salmonella isolates provide the basic information on the genetic background of virulence as well as molecular properties of three different serotypes of Salmonella. This is the first report on the distribution of SPI-3 in Salmonella isolates from Iran.

Contamination of poultry by salmonella spp. is an important issue both in the field of public health as well as in the poultry industry and poultry have a significant role in transmission and incidence of human salmonellosis. The aim of the present study was isolation and identification of Salmonella spp. in Iranian broiler breeder farms and their feed. Samples from Sixty two broiler breeder farms and their feed from 21 states of Iran were collected during one year. All samples were cultured in different conventional media, including pre-enrichment, enrichment, selective plating and 18 Salmonella isolates were identified. Salmonella identification was confirmed by multiplex PCR and 12 isolates were confirmed. Out of positive samples, seven samples (58.33%) were Salmonella enteritidis in Ghazvin, Mazandaran and Markazi provinces, three samples (25%) were Salmonella infantis in Kordestan and southern Khorasan provinces, and two samples (16.6%) were Salmonella typhimurium in Fars and Lorestan provinces. All feed samples were negative. The results of this study showed that some breeder farms in Iran are contaminated with Salmonella and the most prominent Salmonella inbroiler breeder farms are Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella infantis, and Salmonella typhimurium respectively.

The genus of Salmonella is very polymorphic and comprised of a number of genetically closely related serotypes. It is one of the emerging pathogen in food-borne disease which is often found in contaminated chicken eggs. Salmonella enterica is considered one of the major pathogens in public health worldwide. A total of 31 Salmonella isolates identified by specific antisera، which included Salmonella enteritidis (51. 6%)، Salmonella typhimurium (25. 8%)، Salmonella infantis (19. 4%) and Salmonella colindale (3. 2%). DNA was extracted using phenol- chloroform- isoamylalchol method. All the isolates showed fliC gene (1500bp) by using specific primers. PCR products were subjected to digestion using HhaI restriction endonuclease. PCR- RFLP results showed 3 patterns between all isolates. Our research gained in this study demonstrated that using HhaI restriction endonuclease could differentiate Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella colindale but there is similarity between pattern of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella infantis.

Nutritional and economic importance of milk and dairy products is undeniable. In a day, Millions of people use from these products in their daily deals but unfortunately the hygienic quality of milk and dairy products can be changed due to presence of microbial pathogens. Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium are two important milk-borne pathogens. Their pathogenicity is occurred by several putative virulence genes. This study was carried out for investigate the prevalence of Salmonella spp., Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium in milk and dairy products and study the presence of their virulence factors. Totally, 360 milk and dairy products were collected from Isfahan province and were immediately transferred to the Food Microbiology Research Center of Islamic Azad University of Shahrekord. All samples were cultured and their positive results were subjected to PCR method in order to determine the exact incidence rates of Salmonella spp., Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium and their virulence genes. Totally, 1.66% of samples were Salmonella positive. The incidence of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium were 0.27% and 0.83%, respectively. Raw sheep milk had the highest prevalence of Salmonella spp. (7.5%). All of the Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium isolates harbored their certain virulence factors. To our best knowledge the present study is the first prevalence report of Salmonella spp., Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium in raw sheep and goat samples in Iran. Consumption of pasteurized milk and dairy products can reduce the risk of salmonellosis.

Poultry meat has been identified as one of the principal foodborne sources of Salmonella. In this preliminary study the prevalence of Salmonella spp. and its typhimurium serovar contamination of broiler carcasses، were determined. Using the rinse test method، numbers of 60 samples، representing 20 broiler flocks، were collected from poultry carcasses after the chilling stage in the processing line at a commercial broiler slaughtering facility in Mashhad، Iran. The presence of Salmonella spp and Salmonella typhimurium in collected samples were assessed by performing the pre-enrichment and enrichment culture، followed by multiplex-PCR assay. The primers were selected from the invA and fliC genes، specific for the detection of Salmonella spp. and Salmonella typhimurium، respectively. In this study 8. 3% and 1. 6% of poultry carcasses were found to be contaminated with Salmonella spp and Salmonella typhimurium respectively. In order to provide a more accurate profile of the prevalence of Salmonella spp and Salmonella typhimurium in broiler carcasses، it is pertinent to use multiplex -PCR method that could be considered as an appropriate alternative to conventional culture method.

Salmonella infection is among the main food-borne gastrointestinal disease. Meat has been recognized as a major source of human illness caused by Salmonella serovars. The presence of Salmonella was detected in 60 samples of fresh beef from retailsof Sanandaj. The presence of Salmonella was assessed by conventional culture method and confirmed by PCR assay. To confirm the identification of isolated colonies as Salmonella spp. and determining serovars as typhimuriumand enteritidisserovars, a multiplex PCR assay, using three pairs of primers were employed. S141 and S139 for InvAgene, specific for the genus of Salmonella, Fli15 and Tym for FliCgene, specific for typhimurium serovar and Prot6e-5 and Prot6e-6 for Prot6E gene, specific for Enteritidisserovar.12 samples 20% were determined as contaminated with Salmonella sppwith microbial culture method but with PCR method only seven samples 11.66% were confirmed. 4 samples (6.6%) of isolated colonies were confirmed as SalmonellaTyphimuriumand any number of isolated colonies were confirmed as Salmonella Enteritidis, the other isolated colonis were belong to other salmonella serovars. This study showed a relatively highprevalence of salmonella in fresh beef from Sanandaj.

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, as causative agent of typhoid fever, is one of the most important endemic pathogens. Non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars, including Typhimurium, Infantis, and Enteritidis are amongst the most prevalent serotypes worldwide and in developing areas such as Iran. The aim of this study was to apply a uniplex PCR for rapid detection of Salmonella spp., and a multiplex PCR for the simultaneous detection of the four most common Salmonella serovars in Iran.
Current research was done in 2010 at Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. For detection of Salmonella spp a pair of primers was used to replicate a chromosomal sequence. Four other sets of primers were also designed to amplify the target genes of four Salmonella species including S. typhi, and three non-typhoidal Salmonella spp (S. enteritidis, S. infantis, and S. typhimurium). The assay specificity was investigated by testing 15 different Salmonella serovars and 8 other additional non-Salmonella species.
The Salmonella genus-specific PCR yielded the expected DNA band of 404 bp in all Salmonella spp., strains tested. The uniplex and multiplex PCR assays produced also the expected fragments of 489 bp, 304 bp, 224 bp, and 104 bp for serovars Typhi, Enteritidis, Typhimurium, and Infantis, respectively. Each species-specific primer pair set did not show any cross-reactivity when tested on other Salmonella serovars or other non- but related- Salmonella strains.
Both uniplex and multiplex PCR protocols had a good specificity. They can provide an important tool for the rapid and simultaneous detection and differentiation of the four most prevalent Salmonella serovars in Iran.